- fuel for most modern transport - the petrochemical industry - use hydrocarbons from crude oil as a feedstock to create new compounds (eg polymers, solvents, lubricants)

Topic 7 Content (P2) Flashcards by Olivia Rapley-Smith

Alkane bonds

All single c-c bonds

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Alkane general formula

CnH2n+2

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Alkanes are a …… series - group of organic compounds that …..

Homologous
React in a similar way

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Alkanes are ….. compounds - each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds

Saturated

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First four alkanes are:

Methane, ethane, propane, butane

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The shorter the carbon chain:

less viscous
more volatile (turns to gas at lower temp - lower boiling point)
more flammable

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Complete combustion of any hydrocarbon in oxygen releases ….
Only waste products are …..

Lots of energy
Carbon dioxide + water vapour

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In combustion both carbon and hydrogen are ….

Oxidised

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Hydrocarbons are used as …. due to the ……

Fuels
Amount of energy they release when they combust completely

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…. Is used to separate crude oil

Fractional distillation

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Crude oil is ….

A fossil fuel formed from the remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago and were buried in mud - over millions of years with high temperature and pressure the remains turn to crude oil

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Crude oil is a mixture of …… mostly ….

Lots of different hydrocarbons
Alkanes

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Fractional distillation process

oil is heated to turn most of it into gas - gases enter the fractionating column
in column there is a temperature gradient
longer hydrocarbons have high boiling points so they condense back into liquids and drain out of the column early on (near the bottom - hot)
the shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points so condense and drain out much later on (closer to the top- cold)
crude oil mixture separated into different fractions - each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that all contain a similar number of carbon atoms

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Crude oil usage

fuel for most modern transport
the petrochemical industry - use hydrocarbons from crude oil as a feedstock to create new compounds (eg polymers, solvents, lubricants)

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Homologous series

Different groups formed because of carbons bonding together
Eg alkanes + alkenes

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Cracking means

Splitting of long chain hydrocarbons (thick gloopy liquid)
into short chain hydrocarbons (flammable, good fuels, high demand)

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Cracking produces

Alkanes + alkenes

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Cracking is a …. reaction

Thermal decomposition

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Method of catalytic cracking

Vaporise long chain hydrocarbons by heating them
Vapour passed over a hot powdered aluminium oxide catalyst
The long chain molecules split apart on the surface of the specks of catalyst

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Method of steam cracking

Vaporise long chain hydrocarbons
Mix them with steam and heat them to very high temperature

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Cracking reaction

Long chain hydrocarbon molecule -> …… + …..

Shorter alkane
Alkene

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Alkenes have a ……

Double bond between two carbons

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Alkenes are ….. as they have two fewer hydrogens compared with alkanes with the same carbon atom number

Unsaturated

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Alkenes are more …. than alkanes because ….

Reactive
The double C bond can open up to make a single bond allowing two carbon atoms to bond with other atoms

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Alkenes general formula

CnH2n

Alkenes burn with …. Because …. Even thought with enough O they can ….

Smoky flame In air they tend to undergo incomplete combustion Combust completely

Equation for incomplete combustion of alkenes:

Alkene + oxygen —> carbon + carbon monoxide + carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Incomplete combustion of alkenes results in a …..

Smoky yellow flame and less energy release than complete combustion

Alkenes react via … because ….

Addition reactions Carbon double bond will open up to leave a single bond and a new atom is added to each carbon

Alkene with addition of hydrogen is called …. And must be reacted with a …

Hydrogenation Catalyst

Alkenes can react with … in addition reactions

Halogens

Test for Alkene of alkane is ….

Orange bromine water will stay bright orange when added to a saturated compound (alkane) If added to an Alkene (and shaken) the bromine will add across the double bond making a colourless dibromo-compound

Alcohol functional group =

-OH

Alcohol is formed when alkenes react with ….

Steam

Conversion of ethene to ethanol is one way used …. After reaction has taken place the reaction mixture is passed from … Ethanol and water have a …. boiling point that ethene so ….

Industrially Reactor to a condenser Higher Both condense whilst any unreacted ethene gas is recycled back into the reactor

Polymers are ..

Long molecules formed when lots of small molecules called monomers join together

Monomers that make up addition polymers have a …

Double covalent bond (Alkene)

Addition polymerisation is when …

Lots of unsaturated monomers molecules (alkenes) open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains

When monomers react in addition polymerisation, the only product is the polymer so …

An addition polymer contains exactly same type and number of atoms as the monomers that formed it

First 4 alkenes

Ethene (2C) Propene (3C) Butene (4C) Pentene (5C)

First 4 alkanes

Methane (1C) Ethane (2C) Propane (3C) Butane (4C)

First 4 alcohols

Methanol CH3OH Ethanol C2H5OH Propanol C3H7OH Butanol C4H9OH

Alcohol general formula

Cn H2n+1 OH

Alcohols are ….. they undergo ….. in air to produce ….

Flammable Complete combustion Carbon dioxide + water

The first 4 alcohols are all …… - their solutions have a ….

Soluble in water Neutral pH

Alcohols can be oxidised by reacting with oxygen to produce …..

Carboxylic acid

Alcohols are used in industry because …

They can dissolve most things water can but also substances water can’t dissolve eg hydrocarbons, oils + fats

First four alcohols are used as …

Fuels (eg spirit burners)

Ethanol can be made by …. - found in ….

Fermentation Alcoholic drinks

Fermentation uses ….. to convert …… - ….. also produced Occurs in solution so …..

An enzyme in yeast Sugars Ethanol Carbon dioxide Ethanol produced is aqueous

Fermentation equation

Sugar —(yeast)—> ethanol + carbon dioxide

Fermentation happens fastest at temp of …. In a slightly …. Solution Under …… Because ….

37*C Acidic Anaerobic conditions If higher temp or lower pH enzyme would denature - or if higher pH or lower temp enzyme would work at slower rate

First 4 Carboxylic Acids

Methanoic Acid HCOOH Ethanoic Acid CH3COOH Propanoic Acid C2H5COOH Butanoic Acid C3H7COOH

Carboxylic acids react with carbonates (like normal acids) to produce ….

water, carbon dioxide + and salt (ending in -anoate eg methanoate)

Carboxylic acids can dissolve in water - they …… resulting in an ….. - however as they don’t …. They form ….

Ionise + release H+ ions Acidic solution Ionise fully Weak acidic solutions

Esters functional group

-COO-

Esters formed from an ….. with the use of a …

Alcohol and a Carboxylic acid Acid catalyst

Condensation polymerisation involves monomers which contain ….

Different functional groups

In condensation polymerisation, for each new bond formed, ….. - this is why it is called CONDENSATION polymerisation

A small molecule (eg water) is lost

Simplest types of condensation polymers contain ….

Two different types of monomer, each with two of the same functional group

An amino acid contains two different functional groups =

A basic amino group (NH2) And an acidic carboxyl group (COOH)

The smallest and simplest amino acid =

Glycine NH2CH2COOH

A,into acids can form polymers known as …. Via ….

Polypeptides Condensation polymerisation (water lost)

One or more …….. are known as proteins

Long-chains of polypeptides

Proteins (polymers) examples inside the body

Enzymes (catalysts) Haemoglobin Antibodies Body tissue

Order of the amino acids in polymer chains gives the protein ….

Their different properties and shapes

DNA contains …. That allow organism to … - has a …. Structure

Genetic instruction Developed and operate Double helix

DNA is made of ….. called …. - each contain a small molecule know as a … - there are 4 known by their initials …..

Two polymer chains of monomers Nucleotides Base A, C, G, T

In DNA, the bases on the different polymer chains…. And form …. Which ….

Pair up with each other Cross links Keep the two strands of nucleotides together

In DNA, order of bases acts as …

A code for an organism’s genes

Topic 7 Content (P2) Flashcards

(71 cards)