Topic 7 - page 1

Question 1

water soluble hormones: steps

1. hormone _____ to cell-surface receptor (do not enter cell for ____ _____)
2. ______-_______ _____ activates _______ ________ (e.g. G proteins)
3. G proteins then _______ 2nd messenger systems (e.g. cAMP, Ca++)

Answer 1

1. hormone binds to cell-surface receptor (do not enter cell for their actions)
2. hormone-receptor complex activates membrane proteins (e.g. G proteins)
3. G proteins then activate 2nd messenger systems (e.g. cAMP, Ca++)

Question 2

water soluble hormones: steps

1. ______ binds to ______-______ _____ (__ ___ enter cell for their actions)
2. hormone-receptor complex _____ membrane proteins (e.g. ___ proteins)
3. _ ______ then activate ___ _______ ______ (e.g. cAMP, Ca++)

Answer 2

1. hormone binds to cell-surface receptor (do not enter cell for their actions)
2. hormone-receptor complex activates membrane proteins (e.g. G proteins)
3. G proteins then activate 2nd messenger systems (e.g. cAMP, Ca++)

Question 3

water soluble hormones: steps

no hints

Answer 3

1. water soluble hormones: steps
2. hormone binds to cell-surface receptor (do not enter cell for their actions)
3. hormone-receptor complex activates membrane proteins (e.g. G proteins)
4. G proteins then activate 2nd messenger systems (e.g. cAMP, Ca++)

Question 4

why use 2nd messenger systems?

1. ______ can’t enter _____ (water soluble)
2. _____ ___ (enzymes already present - just _______)
3. 1 ______ molecule ⇒ many _______ molecules activated ⇒ ______ signal
4. _______ - messenger ______ _____ or _______
   
   • e.g. cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase in _______

Answer 4

why use 2nd messenger systems?

1. hormone can’t enter cell (water soluble)
2. rapid acting (enzymes already present - just activate)
3. 1 hormone molecule ⇒ many enzyme molecules activated ⇒ multiplies signal
4. limited - messenger broken down or removed
   
   • e.g. cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase in cell

Question 5

why use 2nd messenger systems?

1. hormone _____ _____ cell (______ soluble)
2. rapid acting (_______ already ______- just activate)
3. 1 hormone ______ ⇒ many enzyme _______activated ⇒ multiplies _______
4. limited - _______ broken down or removed
5. e.g. ______broken down by________ in cell

Answer 5

1. hormone can’t enter cell (water soluble)
2. rapid acting (enzymes already present - just activate)
3. 1 hormone molecule ⇒ many enzyme molecules activated ⇒ multiplies signal
4. limited - messenger broken down or removed
5. e.g. cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase in cell

Question 6

why use 2nd messenger systems?

no hints (5 points)

Answer 6

1. hormone can’t enter cell (water soluble)
2. rapid acting (enzymes already present - just activate)
3. 1 hormone molecule ⇒ many enzyme molecules activated ⇒ multiplies signal
4. limited - messenger broken down or removed
5. e.g. cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase in cell

Question 7

example using cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) as 2nd messenger

1. hormone ____ to cell-surface receptor and ______ G-protein
2. ________ activates _____________
3. ___________ converts ____ to ______ (=2nd messenger ⇒ increases [_____]
4. cAMP ________ protein kinases in _______
5. protein kinase _____ on other ________ (usually phosphorlyrates) to _____ their ______ which ________ cell activity

Answer 7

1. hormone binds to cell-surface receptor and activates G-protein
2. G-protein activates adenylate cyclase
3. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (=2nd messenger ⇒ increases [cAMP]
4. cAMP activates protein kinases in cytosol
5. protein kinase acts on other proteins (usually phosphorlyrates) to alter their activity which changes cell activity

Question 8

example using cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) as 2nd messenger

1. ______ binds to ____________ and activates __________
2. G-protein _______ adenylate cyclase
3. adenylate cyclase _______ ATP to cAMP (=____________ ⇒ ______ [cAMP]
4. _______ activates __________ in cytosol
5. __________ acts on other proteins (usually ____________) to alter their activity which changes ___________

Answer 8

1. hormone binds to cell-surface receptor and activates G-protein
2. G-protein activates adenylate cyclase
3. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (=2nd messenger ⇒ increases [cAMP]
4. cAMP activates protein kinases in cytosol
5. protein kinases acts on other proteins (usually phosphorlyrates) to alter their activity which changes cell activity

Question 9

example using cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) as 2nd messenger

no hints

5 POINTS AHHHH

Answer 9

1. hormone binds to cell-surface receptor and activates G-protein
2. G-protein activates adenylate cyclase
3. adenylate cyclase converts to ATP to cAMP (=2nd messenger ⇒ increases [cAMP]
4. cAMP activates protein kinases in cytosol
5. protein kinase acts on other proteins (usually phosphorlyrates) to alter their activity which changes cell activity

Question 10

water soluble hormones

example: what hormone on liver cells activates cAMP and what does it cause?

Answer 10

epinephrine on liver cells activate cAMP and causes breakdown of glycogen to glucose which are released to blood

Question 11

what hormones are water soluble?

Answer 11

1. peptides
2. proteins
3. catecholamines

Question 12

what hormones are lipid soluble?

Answer 12

steroids and thyroid

Question 13

lipid soluble proteins trigger what?

Answer 13

protein synthesis - takes time

therefore slow, but long lasting response

Question 14

lipid soluble protein steps for action

1. enter _________ and bind to __________________ in cytosol or nucleus
2. hormone-receptor complex ______ to a specific region on _____ (activates genes) ⇒ starts _______ ________
   
   • produces _______
3. _______ attaches to _______ to produce _______ (translation)

Answer 14

1. enter target cell and bind to intracellular (nuclear) receptors in cytosol or nucleus
2. hormone-receptor complex binds to a specific region on DNA (activates genes) ⇒ starts gene transcription
   
   • produces mRNA
3. mRNA attaches to ribosomes to produce proteins (translation)

Question 15

lipid soluble protein steps for action

1. ______ target cell and _____to intracellular (nuclear) receptors in _____ or ______
2. ____________________ binds to a ________ ______ on DNA (_______ genes) ⇒ _______ gene transcription
   
   • ______ mRNA
3. mRNA _______ to ribosomes to _______ proteins (_________)

Answer 15

1. enter target cell and bind to intracellular (nuclear) receptors in cytosol or nucleus
2. hormone-receptor complex binds to a specific region on DNA (activates genes) ⇒ starts gene transcription
   
   • produces mRNA
3. mRNA attaches to ribosomes to produce proteins (translation)

Question 16

lipid soluble protein steps for action

no hints (4 points)

Answer 16

1. enter target cell and bind to intracellular (nuclear) receptors in cytosol or nucleus
2. hormone-receptor complex binds to a specific region on DNA (activates genes) ⇒ starts gene transcription
   
   • produces mRNA
3. mRNA attaches to ribosomes to produce proteins (translation)