Topic 8 Final Exam

Question 1

1. What are central constraints?

Answer 1

Central Constraints:

Constraints on somatotopic Cortical organization

Question 2

What are peripheral constraints?

Answer 2

Peripheral Constraints:

• Identify structure that influences movements
• Hand/finger movements:
• Soft tissues in web spaces between fingers

Question 3

2. Name and describe the five Central Constraints on somatotopic organization that were presented.

Answer 3

1. Convergent output from a large M1 territory controls particular body
   joint or muscle (Large to small Pool)
2. Divergent output of many single M1 neurons reaches multiple spinal
   MN pools (Small to Large Pool)
3. Horizontal connections interlink the cortex throughout a major body part region
4. Partial inactivation of major region affects many smaller body parts
   simultaneously
5. Plasticity limits the extent to which a specific body part can be assigned
   to a specific part of the cortex

Question 4

3. Explain the Cortical Piano metaphor for cortical arrangement and how it explains the production
   of complex voluntary movements.

Answer 4

A there is only one of every key for different structures in the body

B is how our brain is actually arranged!

The B piano makes more sense because it is more efficient because there are more keys in each letter - more redundancy

Question 5

4. Explain an example of a peripheral constraint and how it would influence a specific movement.

Answer 5

How physical structure influences how you move

You can only flex and extend fingers

interconnections between tendons of some muscles or extrinsic multi tendoned finger muscles (easier to move multiple fingers instead of just one because of certain muscles and tendon connections)

Question 6

5. Describe what is needed to plan a reaching movement. What happens if a movement is
   interrupted?

Answer 6

CNS always plans movements in a visually straight line

CNS plans - Current State of the Limb - Position Wanted - what to do to get there (location of target)

If movement is interrupted it will run through the process again

Question 7

6. Explain the prism adaptation study. What do studies on prism adaptation tell us about planning
   reaches and upper limb control?

Answer 7

The prism study changes their visual field by making the object look its to the left more, when it was straight in front of them.

From here they realized the object isnt there when they reach for it so they move their muscles the exact same way where it was the first time they reached

Post - test - Pre - test = After - effect –>ADAPTATION

They recalibrate or adapt to signal

Question 8

The central constraint describing links in the cortex throughout a major body part region is?

Answer 8

Horizontal connections

Question 9

Partial inacctive within one region effetcs?

Answer 9

many body parts

Question 10

Tendons can be considered…….

Answer 10

Perpheral contraints

Question 11

No drawing or labeling anything

Part 1 - 30 Questions - Multiple Choice and Multiple Response and True or False

Part 2 - 20 points - Where lesion and paresis question I think will be