Biol 108 > Topic 9 > Flashcards

Topic 9 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

Organization

A

Structurally composed of one or more cells (basic unit of life)

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2
Q

Metabolism

A

A system of management of energy and materials via chemical reactions

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3
Q

Response to Stimuli

A

Via changes in growth, alteration of chemical reactions or movement

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of some internal chemical and/or thermal consistency relative to variation outside of the organism

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5
Q

Adaption

A

The ability to change overtime in response to the environment

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6
Q

Reproduction

A

the ability to produce new individual organisms

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7
Q

Are viruses alive? Ideas FOR:

A

They have nucleic acids that are capable of replicating, mutating and responding to natural selection

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8
Q

Are viruses alive? AGAINST

A

They lack metabolism and homeostasis. They cannot reproduce outside of a cell

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9
Q

what is the geologic record divided into?

A

Archaean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic eons

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10
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A
  • Includes the last half of billion years
  • ensompasses multicelluar eukaryotic life
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11
Q

What eras is the Phanerozoic eon divided into?

A

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

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12
Q

Fossil Record

A
  • provides direct evidence of evolutionary history
  • Associated with sedimentary rocks
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13
Q

What are fossils used for?

A
  • calibrate phylogenies
  • record extinct species
  • link evolutionary events
  • Fossil record is biased and incomplete
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14
Q

Fossilization

A

Requires burial in sediment
- most organisms were never fossilized

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15
Q

How does the probability an organism fossilizes increase?

A
  • Existed for a long time
  • Abundant and widespread
  • Hard rather than soft bodied
  • Aquatic rather than terrestrial
  • Inshore marine
  • decomposing organisms were absent
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16
Q

Mold and Cast Fossils

A
  • Form when a hollow space remains after the organism decays or dissolves
  • A cast fossil occurs when the hollow space is filled
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17
Q

Replacement (Petrified) Fossils

A

Original tissues of organism are replaced bu the detailed structure of organism

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18
Q

Trace fossils

A

Provide evidence of an organisms behaviour.
- Tracks, burrows, feces

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19
Q

Preserved Fossils

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A

retain much of the original material of organism
- carbon films, amber, tar or peat and frozen

20
Q

Relative Dating

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A
  • sedimentary strata reveals relative age of fossils
  • Does not indicate how long ago a fossil was created
21
Q

Challenges to relative dating

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A
  • gaps in sedimentary sequence
  • sediments can be tipped or inverted by major land movements
22
Q

absolute dating

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A
  • radioactive decay of isotopes provides a way of determining the age of fossils or rocks
  • decay from one form to another at a constant rate
23
Q

Half life

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A

Time required for 50% of atoms in a given isotope to decay

24
Q

Plate techtonics theory

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A

earths crust is composed of large plates that have been slowly moving since 3.4 billion years ago

25
Continental drift
- process in which tectonic plates move - colliding, separating, slide past each other - causes formation of mountains, islands and earthquakes
26
Continental Drift during the Phanerozoic Eon
- altered Earth's physical geography and climate - impacted biodiversity and where species live - distribution of fossils reflects geologic movement of continents
27
Continental Drift during the Phanerozoic Eon Example
- Formation of Pangaea - Deepening of ocean basins - Reduction in shallow water habits - colder and drier inland climate
28
Extinctions
- shown through fossil records - causes vary but typically occur when species cannot adapt to environmental changes
29
Mass extinctions
- dramatic increase of rate of extinction - result of disruptive global environmental changes
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What are the two notable mass extinctions?
- Permian - Cretaceous
31
Permian Mass Extinction
- defines the boundary between Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras - Cause is unknown - Best hypothesis: catastrophic environmental change caused by volcanic activity
32
Cretaceous mass extinction
- separates mesozoic from cenozoic - Coincides with geologic deposits from a meteorite impact
33
Consequences of mass extinctions
- loss of biodiversity - entire lineages can be lost - changes the types of organisms found in various ecosystems
34
Adaptive Radiation
Rapid evolution of diversely adapted species from an ancestral species - change in environment makes new ecological niches avaliable
35
Adaptive radiations may follow
- Mass Extinctions: due to the elimination of so many species - Evolution of novel characteristics: adaptive radiations of photosynthetic prokaryotes , plants, insects and tetrapods made possible - Colonization of new regions: Occurs when organisms colonize new environments allowing for very little competition
36
Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
- formation of basic organic compounds such as amino acids, nucleotides ad sugars from inorganic precursors through abiotic processes - earth was initially hypothesized to be a reducing environment
37
Terrestrial origins
Spontaneous organic molecule synthesis driven by energy sources
38
Extraterrestrial origins
Formation of organic molecules in extraterrestrial objected that bombarded early earth
39
Polymerization of small organic molecules into organic polymers
- small organic molecules can undergo polymerization reactions where they join together forming larger organic molecules or polymers - Likely occured on hot surfaces (clay, sand, rock)
40
Formation of protocells
- free floating amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids that are not able to behave as cells - In water: lipids and other organic molecules spontaneously form hollow vesicles - lipid vesicles form faster in the presence of volcanic decay - Lipid vesicles exhibit simple reproduction and metabolism
41
Protocells
Simple, cell like structures that are formed when organic molecules become enclosed with membrane vesicles
42
Emergence of self-replicating molecules
- can store and transmit information: a defining feature of life
43
Self replication
RNA can replicate itself which is essential for passing on genetic information
44
Catalysis
RNAs such as ribosomes act as enzymes and speed up chemical reactions
45
Prokaryotes
- oldest fossil evidence of life: stromatolites (rocks formed by the accumulation of sedimentary layers on prokaryote mats) - Classified into bacteria and archaea
46
Characteristics of Prokaryotes
- single celled (unicellular) - DNA not contained in a nucleus - lack membrane bound organelles
47
Great Oxygenation Event (GOE)
- When O2 began accumulating in the atmosphere and oceans - early prokaryotes evolved in oceans with no oxygen and relied on anaerobic metabolism - GOE from 2.7 to 2.3 caused extinction of many prokaryotic groups
Biol 108
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