Cardio respiratory endurance
Referred to as the ability of the body to work continuously for extended periods of time.
Muscular strength
Referred to as the maximal force a muscle can generate for a single maximal effort.
Self- confidence definition + 2 main factors
Def: The belief that a performer has in their own ability to successfully perform a desired skill or behaviour.
There a two main factors of self-belief
- Self Efficacy - The change in an individual’s self-confidence as a result of a given situation eg. footballer more confidence in defending than attacking.
- Self belief - confident players believe in themselves & their abilities (both physical & mental).
Concentration definition and 4 aspects
Def: The ability to focus on a task at hand whilst ignoring irrelevant cues or distractions.
4 aspects of concentration:
– selective attention
- shiftable attention
- maintaining attention
- situational attention.
Nideffers model - Broad, narrow, external internal
Arousal definition and 3 levels
Def: The degree of stimulation or alertness present in a performer about to perform a skilled task.
3 levels of arousal:
OPTIMAL: performer attends only to relevant
stimuli in the environment and can shift their attention quickly to meet the needs of the situation.
UNDER AROUSED: performer lacks the intensity to attend to all the relevant stimuli in the environment and their attention is focused on other non-relevant thoughts which detracts from their performance.
OVER AROUSED: performer has a decreased ability to shift their attentional focus. Athletes in this state often have narrow internally focused attention therefore can miss important cues in the environment.
Motivation def and 2 types
Def: The direction and intensity of effort by a performer towards a given task.
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION: refers to internal motivations that result from the process of participation in sport.
Intrinsic motivation would include:
Playing for enjoyment
Social affiliation
Self-challenge
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION:
Extrinsic motivation refers to external motivations that result from participation in sport eg: money, winning, fame and awards.
Stress definition and stress management
Stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the task requirements and the ability level of the performer to respond in a situation where failure has consequences.
MENTAL SKILLS – STRESS MANAGEMENT
* An athlete needs to have a certain level of stress to produce optimal performance.
⎯ Too little stress results in boredom, low motivation and poor performance
⎯ Optimum stress levels produce best performance
⎯ Too high stress levels negatively affect performance
Stress can either be;
* Physical which is the body’s reaction to different triggers
* Emotional which occurs when a person finds the demands placed on them become too big or difficult to manage
Methods to develop the mental skills
- Self talk
- Imagery
- Relaxation
- Goal Setting
Influence of age, skill level, and type of activity on motivation
Age - little impact
Skill level - no clear correlation
Type of activity - challenging and enjoyable tasks are intrinsically motivating
Influence of age, skill level, and type of activity on concentration
Age - the younger the individual, the more likely they are to lose focus
Skill level - more skilled, better concentration
Type of activity - activities with constantly changing stimuli are more likely to maintain attention and focus of an individual
Influence of age, skill level, and type of activity on arousal regulation
Age - no direct relationship, younger typically less skilled so need less arousal
Skill level - Advanced players need more arousal to perform at peak while novice players need less
Type of activity - complex tasks require low arousal while simple tasks require high arousal.
