1
Q
What time period does the trade study cover
A
1763-1914
2
Q
What does it mean to say the British Empire ran as a Mercantilist System
A
An economic system where the colonies were there to create wealth for the ‘Mother Country’ as they provided raw materials for British use, and a market to sell British goods to.
-For example raw cotton was shipped to Britain then woven into cloth to be sold back to the colonies.
3
Q
What was the ‘Wealth of Nations’
A
A publication by Adam Smith in 1776 that challenged Mercantilism. It opposed the idea that wealth was silver and gold but rather the stream of goods and services it creates. The way to maximise it was not to restrict the nation’s productive capacity but to set it free
4
Q
When William Pitt became PM what was the extent of smuggling as a problem
A
- It was estimated smuggling exceeded 20% of imports and accounted for half all tea in Britain, creating an obvious loss of revenue.
5
Q
What did Pitt do about the issue of smuggling
A
He reduced duties to make the temptation no longer adequate to the risk
- Tea duties went from 119% to 25%
- Duties were also reduced on wines, spirits and tobacco
- By 1789, quantity of tea passing through customs had doubled.
- By 1792, the governments revenue had increased by £3M as a result of legal increased consumption
6
Q
Trade in Cotton
A
- 1763: cotton imported from plantation in America
- Lancashire because a centre for the cotton industry due to damp climate
- 1860: 2650 cotton mills in Lancashire producing half the world’s cotton
- 1900: Lancashire cotton mills produced 8 billion yards of cloth
1914: WW1 meant cotton could no longer be exported leading the the demise of the industry
7
Q
Affect of Coal on Trade
A
- key factor in the success of industrialisation
- Improvements in mining ensured that more coal could be extracted to power the factories and run railway trains and steamships
- The Industrial Revolution was arguably based on the availability of coal to power steam engines
- International trade relied on the coal-fed steam engines used in ships and trains.
- By 1780 the annual output of coal was 6.25M tonnes and by 1815 this increased to 16M tonnes at the heigh of the Napoleonic Wars
- By 1905 Britain was producing 236M tonnes a year
8
Q
Trade in textiles
A
- The textile industry was revolutionised by the early mechanisation and applications of new technology including the water frame for the cotton spinning wheel
- Textiles were the principle product that Britain produced and exported.
- In 1913 Britain still had 70% of the world trade in textiles
9
Q
Trade items with South America
A
- Exported: all manufactured goods, railways, expertise
- Imported: food (such as canned beef) especially from Argentina, guano,
10
Q
Trade items with Canada
A
- Exported: all manufactured goods
- Imported: fur, seal skin, wheat
11
Q
Trade items with the US
A
- Exported: all manufactured goods, tea, tobacco, alcohol, textiles
- Imported: wheat, cotton
12
Q
Trade items with Carribean
A
Imported sugar, cocoa beans
13
Q
Trade items with India
A
- Exported: cloth, iron, steel, engineering products
- Imported: raw silk, raw cotton, indigo, sugar, opium, jute, rice, tea, oil-seed, wheat and hides
14
Q
Trade items with the Far East
A
-Exported: initially wool and cotton goods but this created a trade imbalance which was dealt with through the export of Indian grown opium to China
- Imported: tea, silk, porcelain
15
Q
Slave Trade key points
A
- Peaked in the last quarter if the 18th century
- main ports were Glasgow, Liverpool and Bristol
- It is estimated that Britain undertook 10k voyages between 1562-1807
- By the 1760s, Britain transported over half of the Africans taken to the Americas each year
16
Q
Products of the Slave Trade
A
- Sugar, Tobacco, rice, coffee, cocoa and cotton
- These became massively popular
E.g the average English person in the 1790s ate 4kg of sugar a year
17
Q
What products were traded for slaves
A
- Firearms, metal bars and manilas (metal bracelets)
18
Q
What years was the 7 year war
A
1756-63
19
Q
What year was the Sugar Act
A
1764
20
Q
What year was the Currency Act
A
1764
21
Q
What year was the first Quartering Act
A
1765
22
Q
What year was the Stamp Act
A
1765
23
Q
What year was the Stamp Act repealed
A
1766
24
Q
What year was the Declaratory Act
A
1766
25
What year did Captain Cook land in Botany Bay
1770
26
What year was the Boston Massacre
1770
27
What year was the Tea Act
1773
28
What year was the Boston Tea Party
1773
29
What year were the Coercive Acts
1774
30
What year was the Quebec Act
1774
31
What year was the Battle of Lexington & Concord
1775
32
What year was the Second Continental Congress
1775
33
What year was the Olive Branch Petition
1775
34
What year did Adam Smith publishes ‘Wealth of Nations’
1776
35
What year did Thomas Paine publish ‘Common Sense’
1776
36
What year was the American Declaration of Independence
1776
37
What year was the Articles of Confederation
1777
38
What year was the Battle of Saratoga
1777
39
What year were trade restrictions removed from Ireland
1779
40
What year did Cornwallis surrender at Yorktown
1781
41
What year was the Treaty of Paris - US recognised Government of India Act establishes EIC control
1783
42
What year did the First Fleet arrive in NSW
1788
43
What year was the French Revolution
1789
44
What year did Britain first use Van Diemen’s land as a penal colony
1803
45
What years was the Napoleonic Wars
1803-1815
46
What year was the British victory in the Battle of Trafalgar
1805
47
What year did the Turkish take control of Egypt
1805
48
What year was the abolition of the Slave Trade
1807
49
What year was the Rum Rebellion
1808
50
What year did Lachlan Macquarie become Governor of NSW
1809
51
What year was the First Crossing of Blue Mountains
1813
52
What year was the British victory at Waterloo
1815
53
What year were the Corn Laws
1815
54
What year was the British bombardment of Algiers
1816
55
What year did Stamford Raffles ‘acquire’ Singapore as an entrepôt
1819
56
What year was the Bigge Report
1822
57
What year was the New South Wales Act
1823
58
What year was the first settlement in Western Australia
1826
59
What year was Sati abolished
1829
60
What year was the drive against Thuggee
1830
61
What year did the Whigs win General Election
1830
62
What year was the Representation of the People’s Act
1832
63
What year was the Great Reform Act
1832
64
What year was the abolition of slavery within the British Empire
1833
65
What year did Britain acquire Falklands
1833
66
What year was the Gosford Commissions in Canada
1836
67
What year was the Rebellion in Canada
1837
68
What year did Durham go to Canada
1838
69
What year was Aden acquired
1839
70
What year was the Durham Report
1839
71
When was the First Opium Wars
1839-42
72
What year did the Conservatives under Peele win General Election
1841
73
What year was Hong Kong and Shanghai acquired under the Treaty of Nanking
1842
74
What years was the adoption of free trade
1842-46
75
What years was the Great Famine in Ireland
1845-49
76
What year was the Corn Laws repealed
1846
77
What year was the Sugar Duties removed
1846
78
What year was Dalhousie appointed Governor General in India
1848
79
In what year were the Navigation Acts repealed
1849
80
What year was the Punjab annexed
1849
81
What year was Awadh annexed
1856
82
What years were the Indian Mutiny/Rebellion
1857-58
83
What year did Government of India Act abolish EIC rule
1858
84
What year was the HMS Warrior launched
1865
85
What year did the Suez Canal open
1870
86
What year did the British buy 44% of Suez Canal shares
1875
87
What year did Britain acquire Cyprus
1878
88
What year was the British East Africa Association
1878
89
What year did the British occupy Egypt
1882
90
What year was Evelyn Baring appointed Consul General of Egypt
1883
91
What year did General Gordon go to Sudan
1884
92
What year was the Berlin Conference
1884-1885
93
What year did General Gordon die
1885
94
What year was Zanzibar acquired
1890
94
What year was the MacKinnon Agreement
1890
95
What year was Weihaiwei leased
1898
96
What year was Sudan conquered by Kitchener
1898
97
What year was Fisher’s Naval reforms
1904
98
What year was the HMS Dreadnought launched
1906
99
What year did the Panama Canal open
1914
100
Key Statistics on Trade of Enslaved People
- Triangle Trade- sailed from Liverpool, Bristol and Glasgow to West Africa to West Indies/North America
- 90% of British export trade was based on the enslavement of peoples
- 40% of income of Bristol’s population came from trade in enslaved peoples in 1780s
- 1790s around 130 slave ships per year sailed from Liverpool
101
Key Statistics on Abolition of Slave Trade 1807
- After abolition fine for carrying enslaved people was £100 per person
- Bristol’s trade began to concentrate on other products like palm oil
- Could still sell products made by enslaved labour
- Slavery itself was not abolished until 1833
102
Key Statistics on Navigation Acts 1651-73
- Colonial goods carried on English-built and owned ships
- Certain colonial goods such as sugar, cotton, dyes, ginger and tobacco had to be shipped via an English port to Europe
- European goods had to land in England before being shipped to colonies
103
Key Statistic on Free Trade
- Under Robert Peel over 1200 import tariffs abolished 1842-46
104
Key dates for Free Trade
- Wealth of Nations 1776
- Free trade trialled in Ireland 1779
- Singapore entrepôt 1819
- Hong Kong entrepôt 1842
Anti-Corn Law League founded 1838
- Corn Laws and Sugar duties abolished 1846
105
How many tonnes of Opium imported to China in 1880
6500 tons
105
How many tonnes of opium was smuggled into China 1839
2553 tonnes- 12 million Chinese addicted
History
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