Training Systems Flashcards

Question

What is Halbbogen?

Answer 1

a German training system whereby the vine is pruned to one cane of about 15 buds’ length, and is arched in the middle over a wire about 25 cm/10 in above the base and end of the cane. Shoots are trained each year vertically between foliage wires, and are trimmed at the top.

Answer 2

common term for a vine trained so that spurs and canes arise in one zone, called the head. Such vines are normally cane pruned.

Answer 3

A system used in the eastern US, where canes are arched downwards from a high head.

Answer 4

Isère, a training system much like Château Thierry, a form of guyot training where the cane is tied in an arch to a stake beside the free-standing vine.

Answer 5

Traditional 3-m-high trellis used on Madeira for vines grown around fields of other crops, equivalent to vinho verde’s ramada.

Answer 6

-training system developed in Austria in the 1920s by Dr Lenz Moser III. -employs wider rows (about 3.5 m/11.5 ft) and higher trunks (1.3 m) than had previously been the norm, thereby reducing vine density. -Moser’s ideas influenced Professor Nelson Shaulis, who developed the geneva double curtain. -Pros: system popular in parts of Europe in the mid 20th century because it decreases labor and therefore production costs, without any need for special machinery. -Cons: French and German studies found reductions in fruit quality, however, probably because of shade in the fruit zone and it is now much less common even in Austria. -also known as high culture, or Hochkultur in German.

Answer 7

a horizontal canopy developed at Lincoln University in New Zealand but rarely used commercially. It is like the arbour, but is at waist height and allows tractor access between rows.

Answer 8

- a vine-training system whereby the canopy is divided horizontally into two curtains of upward-pointing shoots and which resembles a lyre in shape; it is basically an inverted GDC. - The system was developed in Bordeaux in the early 1980s by Dr Alain Carbonneau. - The lyre system improves the canopy microclimate and leads to improvement in yield and wine quality because of better leaf and fruit exposure to sunlight. - Either spur pruning or cane pruning can be used. - Further use of this system has been delayed by the unavailability of suitable mechanical harvesters. The system is being adopted in New World vineyards in particular, especially in California, and to a lesser extent in Australia, New Zealand, Chile, and Uruguay, but it has also been trialled in Beaujolais.

Answer 9

minimal pruned cordon trained, which describes the system developed and extensively used in Australia, mainly for bulk wine production. Young vines are trained to a form of cordon at about 1.5 m height and, apart from wrapping early cane growth on the wire, receive minimal hand work, including pruning.

Answer 10

Italian training system, with one vine trained to four horizontal canes, one pair above the other.

Answer 11

- German name for the arched cane training system. - There is a 50-cm height difference between the end of the cane and the highest point, which is thought to improve budbreak in the middle of the cane. Most of the shoots are trained vertically upright between foliage wires, and normally require trimming at the top. Pendelbogen means ‘pendulum bow’, and there are related training forms called not just Halbbogen (‘half bow’), but also Rundbogen (‘round bow’) and Doppelbogen (‘double bow’). The name has also been applied to a mid-height Sylvoz system in New Zealand.

Answer 12

-a form of overhead vine training. -Where the canopy is horizontal, the pergola can alternatively be called tendone. -Pergola trellises can be either one or two armed, depending on whether the vines are trained on one or both sides of the row. -If the trellis is joined overhead, it is called a closed pergola. -widely used in northern Italy, where the canopies vary but are often inclined rather than horizontal (in Trentino, for example, the slope is 20 to 30 degrees). In Emilia-Romagna the pergoletta system.- Pros: Intercepts most if not all sunlight, and so has a high yield potential in marginal climates; overhead leaf canopy may be an advantage as temperatures increase with climate change, and in Aosta its value in protecting against hail has been noted. -Cons: Where the vines have marked vigor, the bunches which hang below the leafy canopy are in shade, with predictable negative effects on wine quality.

Answer 13

A South African term for vertical trellis, named after A.I (Abraham Izak) Perold, the breeder of Pinotage.

Answer 14

An Italian training system where vine shoots are trained over a group of stakes tied together at the top, forming a pyramid.

Answer 15

an Italian overhead training system suspended from above and with two vines planted together and trained in four directions. Pruned like the Sylvoz.

Answer 16

an Italian training system where vines are trained overhead on wires like the spokes of a wheel. Either one vine may be trained up a central stake or tree and divided into cordons, or several vines may be at the one position with each trained along a different radius.

Answer 17

a trellis system developed at the Ruakura Research Centre in New Zealand with the canopy divided into four curtains, two above two. Related to the Smart-Dyson, this is an experimental system that has not been used commercially.

Answer 18

- a vine-training system whereby the canopy is divided vertically and the shoots are separated and trained in two curtains, upwards and downwards. The canopy is about 2 m/6.5 ft tall, and the leaves are held in place by foliage wires. - developed by an Oregon vine-grower of the same name in the early 1980s when his vines were so vigorous that both yield and quality were reduced. - originally developed for cane pruning; a later spur-pruned version has now generally been superseded by the Smart–Dyson system. - suited to moderate-vigour vineyards with row spacing of about 2 m or more. -Widely used in many New World countries in the 1990s because of its suitability for mechanical harvesting and potential for improving wine quality and yield. - Adoption by Delegat in Hawke’s Bay and marlborough, New Zealand, since 2005 has led to the world’s largest vineyard area trained to this system, around 1,300 ha (3,212 acres), i.e. 90% of the company vineyards.

Answer 19

Local name for overhead trellis in Japan.

Answer 20

The canopy is trained along an inclined support. This trellis can be used for both table- and wine-grape production.

Answer 21

- vine training system developed in the early 1980s in California devised by Richard Smart of Australia and John Dyson of New York, and initially trialled on Dyson’s ranch in Gilroy, California, in 1992 with Merlot vines. -experience has shown an increase in both yield and quality following conversion from the often-shaded vertical trellis. - by the end of the 2000s adopted in new plantings in Spain and South Africa in particular. - it is a vertically divided training system like Scott Henry, but the vine is cordon trained and there are upwards- and downwards-pointing spurs giving rise to the two canopies. It is compatible with mechanical pruning, unlike the Scott Henry system, and it can be mechanically harvested as readily.

Answer 22

- a vine-training system developed by the Italian grower Carlo Sylvoz in which canes of up to, say, ten buds in length are tied to a wire below a high cordon; very high yielding. - The vines can be trained with a high cordon, about 2 m/6.5 ft, or a mid height cordon at about 1 m. - variation is the Casarsa system common in northern Italy, where the canes are not tied below the cordon, but fall downward as a result of their own weight when bearing leaves and fruit. - The Sylvoz system is suited to vines of high vigour, where high yields are acceptable, and where it is necessary to minimize pruning labor.

Answer 23

Te Kauwhata two tier (TK2T). Developed at the Te Kauwhata Research Station in New Zealand, this system is vertically divided, with shoots trained vertically upwards. Limited commercial use in California and New Zealand

Answer 24

Italian name for the overhead vine-training system widely used in southern Italy, especially in Abruzzo. It is also common in South America, where it is used for both table grapes and wine grapes, and is called parral (Argentina) or parron (Chile). English terms used include both arbour and pergola, although the system is little used in English-speaking countries. The vines are normally trained with trunks about 2 m/6.5 ft high and a system of wooden frames and cross wires supports the foliage and fruit. Typically in Abruzzo the vines are planted in a 2.5 x 2.5 m square (up to 3 x 3 m for trebbiano) and from each staked vine four shoots are trained in different directions along the wires. Arbours are normally high enough from the ground to allow tractors and implements to pass underneath, but not so high as to make hand work difficult. The vines are pruned to either canes or spurs (pruning). Because all of the sunlight is captured, the system can be very productive: 30 to 70 tonnes of grapes per hectare (12–28 tons/acre) when water supply is plentiful. Such training systems are limited in use because of the expense of their construction and the high cost of labour required to manage them. Worker productivity is lower because of fatigue, and, where the vines are vigorous, the leaves form a very dense canopy on top and so the fruit and lower leaves are heavily shaded. This reduces both yield and quality, and increases the risk of powdery mildew. Furthermore, the ventilation under such canopies is very restricted and the build-up of humidity favours botrytis bunch rot. The arbour system is used for table grapes in many parts of the world, and has the advantage that the fruit hangs freely and makes access easy. Inclined overhead trellis systems which do not completely cover the ground are often used for table grapes, as in South Africa (where it may be called the verandah system), and occasionally for wine grapes around the borders of fields in the vinho verde region of Portugal.

Answer 25

California trellis system with a pair of fixed foliage wires above the cordon. Shoots are not positioned, and fall across these wires under their own weight.

Answer 26

- common in Australia, where the vine is trained to two horizontal cordons about 0.5 m apart. - takes its name from the appearance of the vine trunk and cordons. - shoots are not positioned, and so the canopy is not divided. - Can be machine pruned and harvested, and is widely used in bulk wine-producing areas. -called traverse trellis in Europe

Answer 27

an alternative name for a form of overhead vine training where the vines are planted in two rows and trained overhead.

Answer 28

common terminology in California, where one wire is occupied by the cordon and the second is a fixed foliage wire. Shoots grow up and over this wire and fall under their own weight to form a bell-shaped canopy. When the vines are vigorous, the canopy is very shaded.

Answer 29

A system used in eastern America, where canes from a mid-height head are trained over a top wire and tied below.

Answer 30

a rare training system as top buds tend to burst first, making it difficult to manage.

Answer 31

vertical shoot positioning, which describes a system used throughout the world where annual shoot growth is trained vertically upwards and held in place by foliage wires. See vertical trellis.

Training Systems Flashcards

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