f(x)-d
Shift down by “d”
f(x)+d
Shift up by “d”
cf(x)
Stretch verticality by “c”
(1/c)f(x)
Shrink vertically by “c”
-f(x)
Flip over x-axis
f(x+d)
Shift left by “d”
f(x-d)
Shift right by “d”
f(cx)
Shrink horizontally by “1/c”
f((1/c)x)
Stretch horizontally by “c”
f(-x)
Flip over y-axis