What are the technologies for residential or home access?
DSL, Cable, FTTH and 5G fixed wireless
How does DSL work?
- Internet access from telephone company
- ISP is telephone company
- Uses existing telephone line
- Telephone line transmits data and telephone signals simultaneously: data at high frequency and telephone signals at low frequency
How does cable work?
- Makes use of television infrastructure
- Internet access from cable television company
- shared broadcast medium which means the rate is shared between all users connected to the channel
How does fiber to the home (FTTH) work?
- optical fibre path from CO directly to home
- can potentially provide rates in gigabits per second range
How does 5G fixed wireless work?
- no cabling needed
- using beam forming technology, data is sent wirelessly from a providers base station to the modem in the home
What are the technologies used in the Enterprise (and possibly the home)
Ethernet and WiFi
How does ethernet work?
- twisted-pair copper wire to connect to ethernet switch which connects to larger internet
- 100 Mbps to tens of Gbps
how does wifi work?
- wireless internet access
- connected wirelessly to an access point that is connected through wires.
what technologies are used in wide-area wireless access?
3G, LTE 4G and 5G
how does 3G, 4G and 5G work?
- Can be further away than wifi
What is the difference between a shared connection and a dedicated connection?
in a dedicated connection, the resources are not split amongst the components and so users are provided with guaranteed bandwidth which is opposite to shared connection.
in a shared connection, download rate for each user will be lower than combined channel rate
What are the types of wireless access networks?
WLAN and WiFi
what are the types of wide area wireless access?
3G,LTE,4G and 5G
What is the advantage of content providers creating their own networks compared to content provider networks?
- much larger than standard content providers or reach is more expansive
- can create their own private networks
- traffic can bypass higher tier ISPs and public internet
- more control over user experience
- save money
- ISPs can decide to charge more, so content providers can avoid this.
Why are standards important for protocols?
so that people can create networking systems and products that interoperate
why is layering important for protocols?
- helps organize structure of networks
- allows for identification, and modularization like this allows for ease of maintanance
What is the unit of data and protocols for the application layer?
units of data:
- message
protocols:
SMTP,HTTP,FTP
What is the unit of data and protocols for the presentation layer?
Units of data:
- data
Protocols:
JPEG,GIF,SSL,SSH
What is the unit of data and protocols for the SESSION layer?
UNITS OF DATA:
- DATA
PROTOCOLS:
PPTP, API, NETBIOS
What is the unit of data and protocols for the TRANSPORT layer?
UNITS OF DATA:
- SEGMENTS
PROTOCOLS:
TCP,UDP
What is the unit of data and protocols for the NETWORK layer?
UNITS OF DATA:
- DATAGRAMS
PROTOCOLS:
IP, ICMP
What is the unit of data and protocols for the DATA LINK layer?
UNITS OF DATA:
- FRAMES
PROTOCOLS:
FRAMES, ETHERNET
What is the unit of data and protocols for the PHYSICAL layer?
UNITS OF DATA:
- BITS
PROTOCOLS:
hubs, cables, binary transmission
