What does Borkovec’s Avoidance Model of Worry say about the function of worry and its role in sustaining anxiety?
Worry inhibits vivid mental imagery and associated somatic and emotional experiences. This deprives the worrier of the ability to habituate to these experiences and process them through exposure to the stimulus and the meaning of the fear.
Borkovec avoidance model: what is worry reinforced by?
Worry is negatively reinforced through removing aversive mental images / discomfort, and reinforced by positive beliefs that it’s helpful for problem-solving, motivating performance, etc
Borkovec avoidance model: what are the maintaining factors of anxiety?
poor interpersonal skills, early trauma, insecure attachment styles
Borkovec avoidance model: what are 7 treatment strategies?
- self-monitoring (emotions, senses)
- relaxation techniques
- self-control desensitisation (imaginal rehearsal for new coping responses)
- gradual stimulus control (establishing a particular time/place for worrying)
- cognitive restructuring (increase thought flexibility, thinking from multiple perspectives)
- worry diaries
- expectancy-free living
In Dugas + Ladouceur’s Intolerance Uncertainty model, what is the primary mechanism by which anxiety arises?
individuals with GAD find uncertainty uncomfortable and believe worry will help them respond to feared situations or prevent them. IU sets off a chain of worry, negative problem orientation + cognitive avoidance
In Dugas + Ladouceur’s Intolerance Uncertainty model, what is negative problem orientation?
a lack of confidence in problem solving ability, perception of problems as threats, easily frustrated when problem solving, pessimistic about outcome of problem solving efforts
In Dugas + Ladouceur’s Intolerance Uncertainty model, what 2 outside factors can influence the process?
mood state, life events
In Dugas + Ladouceur’s Intolerance Uncertainty model, what do the treatments primarily focus on?
developing increased tolerance and acceptance of uncertainty
In Dugas + Ladouceur’s Intolerance Uncertainty model, what are 5 treatment options?
- self-monitoring
- psychoeducation about intolerance of uncertainty
- evaluating worry beliefs
- improving problem-orientation (teaching how to discriminate between a situation + emotions, seeing problems as a normal part of life
- processing core fears: exposure, preventing avoidance
In Wells’ Metacognitive model, what is the general flow of the diagram? With steps
- Trugger
- positive worry beliefs
- type 1 worry
- negative worry beliefs activated
- type 2 worry
- behaviour, thought control, emotion
Is there good empirical support for Wells’ Metacognitive model?
Kind of, GAD don’t differ from general population in positive worry thoughts - as this diagram would show - but negative worry is mixed
In Wells’ Metacognitive model, what are 3 treatments?
- Metacognitive therapy (altering type 2 worry, introducing new strategies for dealing with worry)
- Case formulation: probing questions about thoughts triggering worry, reaction, attempts to control worry
- Socialisation: education component (goals, importance of altering beliefs, homework tasks - comparing worry about a situation with actual outcome, increasing/decreasing worry on diff occasions and seeing results)
In Ekman + Davidson’s Emotion Dysregulation Model, what are the 4 general attributes of people with GAD that maintain anxiety?
- Intense emotions
- Poor emotional understanding
- More negative attitudes about emotions/threatened by them
- Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies
For Ekman + Davidson’s Emotion Dysregulation Model, what is the empirical evidence?
people with GAD do experience negative emotions more frequently than normal people, but mixed results on whether they actually have trouble identifying emotions
For Ekman + Davidson’s Emotion Dysregulation Model, what is the associated treatment option?
ERT: Emotion Regulation Therapy
* combines elements of CBT (self-monitoring, relaxation) with emotional regulation (emotional awareness, exposure).
Consists of relaxation exercises, belief reframing, psychoeducation about emotions, experiential exposure
What are the 4 components of Roemer + Orsillo’s Acceptance-Based Model?
- internal experiences
- problematic relationship with internal experiences
- experiential avoidance
- behavioural restriction
What is the general flow of Roemer + Orsillo’s Acceptance-Based Model through the diagram?
- Perceived external threat
- Internal experiences
- Problematic relationship with internal experiences
- Experiential avoidance (e.g. worry)
- Behavioural restriction
In Roemer + Orsillo’s Acceptance-Based Model, what 2 aspects does a problematic relationship with internal experiences consist of?
- negatively reacting to internal experiences: any negative thoughts or meta-emotions (fear of fear) are difficult to monitor, and people have difficulty interpreting
- fusion with internal experiences: a belief that transient negative reactions to internal experiences are permanent, a defining characteristic of the individual
Define experiential avoidance
actively or automatically avoiding internal experiences perceived to be threatening or otherwise negative - worrying about possible future events, minor matters to avoid more serious concerns
Define behavioural restrictions (ABM):
reduced engagement with valued actions, activities that the individual finds meaningful (e.g. spending time with family). Develops as people with GAD become more experientially avoidant of internal experiences, and generalise avoidance to other activities in their life that are valuable
Avoidance reduced short-term stress from internal experience but in long-term reinforces behavioural restriction as the individual is less engaged in valued activities
For Roemer + Orsillo’s Acceptance-Based Model, what is the empirical evidence?
experiential avoidance, negative reaction to emotions, and GAD symptoms are all related but model is in early stages
For Roemer + Orsillo’s Acceptance-Based Model, what are the 3 areas targeted by Acceptance-Based Behavioural Therapy?
- Psychoeducation about Acceptance-Based model, teaching about worry as avoidance
- Mindfulness + acceptance exercises: self-monitoring, relaxation, labelling internal experiences
- Behaviour change + valued actions: identify values and how consistent current life is with these values, complete writing assignments about this relationship, client + therapist work towards this
What are the 2 cognitive models of anixety?
What do they primarily say about what drives the anxiety?
- meta-cognitive model, intolerance of uncertainty
- intolerance of uncertainty, negativity, worry –> cognitions drive beliefs
What are the 2 emotional/behavioural models of anxiety?
- emotion dysregulation model, acceptance based model
- poor understandings of emotions drive anxiety
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1.1: Culturally Reflective Mental Health9
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1.2: First Nations Mental Health14
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Reading 1: SEWB9
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2.1: Anxiety Disorders, Panic Disorder + Agoraphobia53
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3.1. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders46
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3.2 Illness Anxiety Disorder17
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Tutorial 17
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4.1 Trauma + Stressor-Related Disorders40
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4.2 Death Anxiety27
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5.1 Major Depressive Disorder and Episodes39
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5.2 Bipolar and Related Disorders38
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6.1 Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorders66
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6.2 Silenced Minds - Deaf Communities + Mental Health28
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TW4: Anxiety Disorders Tutorial25
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TW5: Study Evaluations for OCD14
