Typical Development

Question 1

Perlocutionary period

Answer 1

0-8 months, consists of: reflexive vocalizations, cooing, vocal play, and babbling

Question 2

Illocutionary period

Answer 2

9-12 months, consists of: emergency of speech patterns, speaker becomes INTENTIONALLY communicative

Question 3

Average Number of Words @ 12 months

Answer 3

first few words

Question 4

Average Number of Words @ 18 months

Answer 4

50

Question 5

Average Number of Words @ 24 months

Answer 5

200-300

Question 6

Average Number of Words @ 3 years

Answer 6

1, 000

Question 7

When is situational code switching developed?

Answer 7

4-5 years old

Question 8

Presbycusis

Answer 8

• age-related, sensorineural hearing loss

- high frequency loss due to hair cell damage

Question 9

Presbyopia

Answer 9

• age-related vision loss

- farsightedness, treatment is typically reading glasses

Question 10

Presbyphonia

Answer 10

• age-related voice changes
• pitch and voice quality changes: voice becomes weaker and more breathy
• males –> more high pitch
• females –> more low pitch

Question 11

Presbyphagia

Answer 11

• age-related swallow changes
• decreased strength overall: decreased lingual pressure, slower swallow response
• laryngeal penetration more frequent
• decreased sensation or loss in taste

Question 12

White & gray matter changes in typical geriatrics population

Answer 12

• white matter: cortical changes, more lesions

- gray matter: volume loss, may begin to decrease after age 20

Question 13

Receptive vs. Expressive Language

Answer 13

• Receptive: listening and reading (comprehension), developed BEFORE expression
• Expressive: speaking and writing (production), how someone expresses wants/needs

Question 14

Form-Content-Use

Answer 14

Framework of Language as a whole.

• Form = phonology, syntax, morphology
• Content = semantics
• Use = pragmatics

Question 15

Nature vs. Nurture Theories of Development

Answer 15

Nativist (nature): Chomsky, language is innate and we are born with a language acquisition device (LAD)
Constructionist (nurture): environment is a major role in guiding language, there is no processor in brain specific to language

Question 16

Cognitive Language Theory (Piaget)

Answer 16

• Children learn language like other cognitive skills (concepts first, THEN language)
• Language is only possible because of cognition and other intellectual processes
• Observe child in play to determine level of representational thought

Question 17

Semantic Theory (Filmore, Bloom)

Answer 17

• Interpretation of messages requires consideration of meaning
• acquisition is stimulated by the child’s desire to communicate and know things

Question 18

Behavioral Theory (Skinner)

Answer 18

• Children learn language through conditioning (only what they are exposed to)
• stimulus-response drives language acquisition
• drill and practice - reinforcement

Question 19

Social Interactionism

Answer 19

• encourage social interactions

- driven by the desire to communicate and connect

Question 20

Emergentist Theory

Answer 20

• data and pattern driven, child’s ability to use cues develops over time
• a neurologically based theory

Question 21

Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH)

Answer 21

Full native competence is possible when acquiring a language. Overall early childhood to adolescence. Critical age is 5-7 years old.

Question 22

Extralinguistic communication

Answer 22

involves metalinguistics, paralinguistics, and nonlinguistic cues

Question 23

Components of Speech

Answer 23

• respiration: inhalation and exhalation
• phonation: creation of voice sounds caused by rapid vibration of VFs when air passes between them
• resonation: phonation is enhanced by the air-filled cavities
• articulation: shaping and manipulating voice phonation into distinct sounds –> words

Question 24

Consonant Features

Answer 24

Voice: Activity of vocal cords; can be voiced, voiceless
Place: point of contact where sound is produced; can be labial, labio-dental, linga-dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Manner: configuration/interaction between articulators; can be stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, liquid, glide

Question 25

Source-filter Theory

Answer 25

- sound source filtered or shaped by resonant properties of vocal tract * sound source --> filter --> speech sounds

Question 26

Sonorants

Answer 26

produced with uninterrupted air | e.g. nasals, liquids, glides + vowels

Question 27

Consonantal

Answer 27

partial or complete obstruction of airflow | e.g. consonant sounds

Question 28

Continuants

Answer 28

flow of air is not blocked in oral cavity | e.g. anything other than a stop (includes vowels)

Question 29

Sibilants

Answer 29

high-frequency sounds | e.g. fricative consonants like /s,z/, "sh"

Question 30

Stridents

Answer 30

produced by forcing air through a small opening | e.g. fricatives and affricates

Question 31

Obstruents

Answer 31

produced by some type of air obstruction | e.g. fricatives or stops

Question 32

Nasals

Answer 32

lower velum + air flow through nasal cavity with closure of oral cavity e.g. /m,n/ and "ng" sound

Question 33

Semi Vowel

Answer 33

constriction in vocal tract, no turbulence (AKA somewhere between a vowel and consonant) e.g. /w/ or /j/

Question 34

Stops

Answer 34

complete vocal tract closure; pressure builds up --> sudden release of constriction e.g. /t,d/ /k,g/ /p,b/

Question 35

Fricative

Answer 35

Air through small whole or gap in the mouth | e.g. /f,v/, /s,z/, /h/ "th" and "sh" sound

Question 36

Affricates

Answer 36

sudden release of constriction, turbulence noise (like combining a stop with a fricative) e.g. d͡ʒ and tʃ

Question 37

Liquids

Answer 37

tongue produced partial closure in mouth | e.g. /r/ and /l/

Question 38

Glide

Answer 38

consonants with no stop or friction | e.g. /w/ /j/

Question 39

Labial

Answer 39

obstruction at the lips | e.g. /p,b/ /m/

Question 40

Alveolar

Answer 40

top of tongue to hard ridge behind upper front teeth | e.g. /t,d/ /n/

Question 41

Palatal

Answer 41

front part of tongue to/near hard palate at roof of mouth | e.g. /j/

Question 42

Velar

Answer 42

back of tongue to/near velum | e.g. /k,g/ "ng" sound

Question 43

Physiological continuum of speech sounds

Answer 43

vowels & dipthongs --> liquids & glides --> nasals --> stops, fricatives, & affricates