u4a1

Question 1

informal purposes

Answer 1

• encouraging intimacy, solidarity, equality
• promoting linguistic innovation
• supporting in-group membership
• politeness strategies
• building rapport
• negotiating social taboos

Question 2

formal purposes

Answer 2

• reinforcing social distance and authority
• establishing expertise
• clarifying, manipulating, obfuscating
• politeness strategies
• building rapport
• negotiating social taboos

Question 3

6 functions of language

Answer 3

referential - informative
metalanguistic
poetic - aesthetic
conative - commanding
phatic - social
emotive

Question 4

overt + covert prestige

Answer 4

overt: standard, power
covert: non-standard, solidarity

Question 5

perceptions of australian national identity

Answer 5

• anti-authoritarianism
• anti-intellectualism
• connection to land + Country
• egalitarianism
• mateship
• multiculturalism

Question 6

roles of Aboriginal Englishes

Answer 6

• attend to positive face, marking SOLIDARITY
• reflect individual + group IDENTITY
• mark links to tradition and CULTURE
• maintain HOME LANGUAGE

Question 7

phonological features of Aboriginal Englishes

Answer 7

• variability in stop voicing
• replacement of fricatives with stops
• deletion of /h/ in initial position
• hypercorrection of /h/

Question 8

morphological features of Aboriginal Englishes

Answer 8

• omission of copula be
• use of ‘seen’ and ‘come’ as simple past of see and come
• use of ‘was’ rather than ‘were’
• double negatives
• non-use of plural -s

Question 9

markers of respect in Aboriginal Englishes

Answer 9

indirectness, eye contact, silence

Question 10

equal and unequal tenor

Answer 10

equal = balanced
unequal = one is dominant

Question 11

factors of cohesion

Answer 11

• lexical choice (synonymy, antonymy)
• information flow (end, front focus, clefting)
• deictics, anaphoric + cataphoric referencing
• repetition, substitution, ellipsis

Question 12

factors of coherence

Answer 12

• cohesion
• inference
• logical ordering
• formatting
• consistency + conventions

Question 13

features of spoken discourse

Answer 13

• prosodic features
• openings + closings
• adjacency pairs
• overlapping speech
• interrogative tags
• discourse particles
• non-fluency features

Question 14

strategies of spoken discourse

Answer 14

• topic management (initiating, changing, developing topic)
• turn-taking (taking, holding, passing floor)
• minimal responses
• cohesion + coherence