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UK Evolving Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

What concentration of jobs is found in the urban core of the city

A

60%

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2
Q

What are the main employment opportunities in the Urban Core

A

The tertiarry sector and manifacturing

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3
Q

What are big pull factors to moving to the Urban Core (city)

A

There are higher skilled and better paying jobs
There is lots of universities for the younger population
Different more exciting life style

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4
Q

Types of jobs in rural areas

A

More primary industry (fewer job oportunities)

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5
Q

What is the age stucture of urban aeas

A

Thereis a higher proportion of young people in big cities as people often want to get closer to their jobs (working age).

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6
Q

What is the age structure in rural areas

A

Thereis a higher proportion of older people who have mostly moved out of the city to retire to a more peacful environment

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7
Q

Why do some rural areas have high porverty and stuggle to grow economicly

A

Isolated rural areas on the periphery of the UK are relatively inaccessible. There are fewer employmentopportuties a they are difficult to farmand have fewer natural recources. This causes depopulation from younger people leaving causing a loss of services.
Alos the loss of manufacturing industry causes former industrial areas to have high unemployment

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8
Q

Creating enterprise zones

A
  • the uk have created 55 enterprise zones
  • they offer companies a range of benefits including reduced taxes, simpler planning rules and improved infrastructure
  • this ecourages companies to locate in these areas of high unemployment rusulting uinn jobs and income
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9
Q

Example of an enterprise zone

A

Dorset Green already has tow high tech engineering compainies and hopes to attract 55 more buisnesse creating 2000 new jobs

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10
Q

Transport infrastructure

A
  • The UK government plans to link London and other major cities with a new high speed rail line (HS2).
  • this increases capacity and allows faster travel jor cities promoting indusrtyad jobs in poorer rurla areas
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11
Q

Example of transport infrastructure

A

Lancashire county council has built a new road to link the port of Heysham in Lancashire to th M6/ this will encourage buisnesses to invest by reducing travel times and easing congestion

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12
Q

Regional development

A
  • The EU has used ERDF to promote growth i poorer rural areas by investig in small high-tech buisnesses, providing training to improve local people’s skills and funding infrastrucutre
  • The Common agriculture policy is an EU initiative to make sure EU farmers can earn a living from farming.
  • It includes training and assistance for farmers as well as subsides for rural diversification projects
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13
Q

Example of ERDF i regional development

A

EU funded superfast broadband in Cornwall. This attracts digital buisness such as Gravitas and links regeneration projects and new research and development centres in the region. This creats skilled jobs attracting young graduates

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14
Q

How does migration influence age structure and distribution of people (figures)

A
  • roughly half of the UK’s pop growth is driven by migration.
  • between 1970-1982 more peoplehave moved to the UK/ There have been a constant flow of people lavig since 1970
  • since 1983 more people have moved to the UK than left (net-migration has doubled in the past 10 years
  • national and international migration has affected the distribution and age structure
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15
Q

How has national and internaional migrants affected the distribution of the UK

A

Young national and most international migrants moved to major cities where most universities and jobs are located.
The most popular destination for international migrants are London and Midlands
There is lots of counter urbinasation as wealthy people move out of cities to seek better quality of life. Many older people move to coastal areas in the east and south west of England when they retire.

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16
Q

How has national and internaional migrants affected the age struture of the UK

A

The large number of young migrants increases the pop in this age group. Migration also affects the age structure of the UK by increasing the birth rate as migrants are of child-bearing age. Immagranrs make up about 13% of the UK’s pop but accont for 27% of babies born

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17
Q

How has immigration policy of the UK increased diversity?

A
  • After WW2 the UK enccouraged immigratio from commonwealth countires to fill skills shortages. -Later entry was resticited but work permits for migrants with desirable skills-many highly skilled Indians and Pakistanis still come to UK.
  • Nearly 10% of people from Caribbean or Asin ethnicity are in the UK
  • Since 1995 in EU has allowed free movment of poeple within member countries
  • In 2004 8 new countires joned the EU cuasing many people to move to the UK such as in Poland. This as mainly low-skilled jobs
  • between 2001-2011 the proportion of non-British white people increased more than any other ethnic group
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18
Q

Why has primary indutires declined

A

Since 1960 jobs of primary industry have decreased as farming has beocme more mechanised so fewe people are needed. Mining indusrty has declined due to competition from abroad cheaper alternative fuels.

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19
Q

Why have jobs in secondry industies declined?

A

People employed in manifacturing fell from 36% of the workforce to 9% in 2011. It was partly the result of global shift.

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20
Q

Why has employemt in service sectors increased

A

Retails in the U.K.’s largest sector employing 2.9 million people have disposable income to spend. Finance is also an important part of the economy with the City of London been home to many global financial institutions

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21
Q

How have Quaternary industries increased

A

Uk is making use of skilled graduates. In 2013 nearly £30 bill was spend on R&D in Uk

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22
Q

How has industy declined in Burnely

A
  • In the early 20th century Burnely has a thriving economy based of textiles - it was one of the wold’s leading cotton weaving towns.
  • From 1914 the textiles industry began to collapse in the UK partly due to cheap imports.
  • Other primary and secondry industires in the UK have also struggled, causing hundred of lossed jobs.
  • Employment rate is only at about 65% and wages are well below UK average.
  • The manufacturing skills existing in the area and the low costs of operating there have begun to attract aerospace engineering firms, meaning that area is still largely dependent on manufacturing industries for employment
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23
Q

How are teritary and quanternary ecotrs growing in South Wales

A
  • much of the 18th-19th centruires the economy of south wales was based on coal mining and ironmaking.
  • in 20th century all this was declined due to overseas competition causing unemployment
  • in 1992 different parts of the region aimed to imrpov transport networks, attract buisnesses, increase skills and draw vsitors
  • costs are low making it asier to start new buisnesses and universities supply skilled labour force
  • this helped attract privte investors in high tech companies
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24
Q

What is FDI

A

A omapny based in one coutnry which can invest money in a different country.
It has increased is the UK (rose from £726 billion in 2010 to £1065 bill in 2014)
Most comes from TNCs

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25
FDI is growing becasue of globalisation
It is the process in which countires become more intergrated. It is increaseing FDI as transport and communications is improving and London has developed as a global financial centre.
26
FDI is growing becasue of free trade
Free trade policies reduce import and export restrictions making it easier for countries to trade. It is prometed between countires of the EU to increase FDI as companies can move goods and services freely. Free trade agreements can attract investors to UK to access European market and often includes special agreements for investment.
27
FDI is growing because of privatisation
Services that previously were run by UK governments have been offered to private firms. This has increased FDI as foreign firms can buy them or merge then with their existing buisnesses. EG, many UK electricity board are now owned by foreign companies.
28
how has the UK economy benefited from TNC's
Advantages: jobs are created, large scale projects can be built that UK government can't afford to pay as there has been investment in UK infrastructure. TNCs often lead the way in developing new products, tech and business practeces which can be used by other firms to increase productivity.
29
how has the UK economy negatively been affected from TNC's
It can lead to over reliance on TNC's so if there is a problem elsewhere in the world the UK's economy is affected. There are big effects if TNCs reloacte or change suppliers. Local buisnesses struggle to compete
30
What is site
A location or land in which something is built
31
What is situation
A location of a place in relation to other places
32
London's site
Based at lower course of the river thames meaning on a wide and flat flood plain Has a low bridging point brining in traders Very gentle relife
33
London's connectivity
It is the centre of the Uk's transport system. It is close to the ocean for shipping links and there are two major international airports (Hethrow and Gatwick) as well as other small ones. Hethrow is the worlds second biggest international airport! There is also the new HS2 and the eurotunnel
34
London's situation
London is close to the North sea with a major river beside it London is based in a different time zone that is when most countires are awake and working
35
CBD
Mainland uses commercial with a mix of new high-rise office blocks and historical buildings.London is expensive is the building density is high and there are a few small parks.
36
Inner city (Newham)
Main land use is the lower class residential. Higher density, or terraced buildings, 1960s to 70s high-rise flats and modern apartment buildings. Poor environmental quality, some green spaces
37
Inner city (Chelsea)
High class residential, 80% houses built before 1919. Land is expensive as the building density is high. Lots of large terraced houses, some converted into flats. High quality green space most houses have gardens
38
Suburbs
Middle-class residential good quality 20th century semidetached housing, along to shops and restaurants. Most houses have gardens and there are a lot of years of good quality green space
39
Rural-urban Frindge (crockenhill)
High class residential large, detached and semidetached houses with gardens the area surrounded by countryside
40
Rural urban-frindge (thurrock)
Industrial, commercial industry includes over fineries, manufacturing and a container port. Lakeside retail park opened in 1990
41
Wha is the pop of London
8.5 mill
42
Inner city in relation to migrants
Has the highest rate of people moving in and out both wealthy and poor. Migrants who have been in London for a long time tend to move to the suburbs/ about 50% of the pop of the outer London boroughs of Harrow and Hounslow are foreign-born
43
Age structure influenced by miigration
There is now a high percentage of people at age 25 to 34 in Innercity London and the lower proportion of people over 65. Most immigrants of working age
44
Ethnicity
Ethnic diversity is higher in inner-city areas for example 52% of foreign people born in Newton compared to 29% in Kingston upon Thames, but it's increasing rapidly in some suburbs
45
Population affected by migration
Population growth rate increase in the in the in the city areas because the high immigration rates because many migrants of childbearing age
46
Housing
The high rate of immigration is leading to overcrowding. Polar immigrants of the live in older terraces and nineteen60s to seventies cancel tower blocks in the inner city which often affordable
47
Services
In inner-city areas where immigration rates are high, there is an increase in demand for services such as education and healthcare. However these areas are often amongst the poorest parts of the city, so it's difficult to provide what is needed
48
Culture
London is very culturally diverse, with more than 200 languages spoken.Many immigrants choose to settle near people with the same ethnic background, giving the area character, e.g. Chinatown. Lots of food, music and good culture can be found there
49
Index of Multiple Deprivation
Combines data unemployment, health, education, crime, housing, services and the environment to give an overall figure for the quality of life in an area. Deprived areas have a lower quality of life
50
How does deprivation vary in London
Deprivation is highest in the in the city and in parts of North London. East London is generally multiplied to the west London.
51
How are poorer people limited in where they can live:
They can only afford poor quality housing often in the in the city. They may need to live closer to work if they don't have a car and can't afford public transport. This can make it difficult for them to leave deprived areas so they've contract in a cycle of poverty
52
Deprivation affects services
Rapid population growth and high turnover of people puts pressure on services. Funding services is also harder in deprived areas, where councils get less money from taxes and businesses.
53
How does deprivation affect health
Unhealty lifestyles are more common in deprived areas- life expectancy is about 5 years lower than in wealthier areas. Health care is free in NHS services but thet are offten overwhelmed and poorer people can't afford private health care.
54
Deprivation affects income
There are fewer manufacturing jobs in the inner city so people find it harder to find suitable work. More than 25% of London's popukation are living in poverty, due to unemployment of low wages. Average income in Kingston and Chelsea is more than £130,000 but less than £35,000 in Newham.
55
Education
How many of the best schools are in the wealthy areas. Therefore wealthy parents and the children and their parents living in areas with schools that aren't as good I able to send their children to private schools children from low income families and not going to underperform in state schools. From there they may not get the best qualifications and which could lead to less job opportunities and no income.
56
How does de-industrialisation lead to decline in central areas of London
Deindustrialisation and unemployment in the second half of the 20th century led to many families moving away from the area. I'm still in the city west coast by suburbanisation, the building or satellite hours and slum clearance. The decline of the docs train industries in London's East End led to mass unemployment e.g. 20% of jobs were lost between 1966 and 1976 in dockland areas
57
How has the population led to the decline in the central areas of London
People live away many buildings were left derelict. There was also a decrease in local services as they weren't enough people for money to continue them. Decentralisation caused further decline with many shops struggling to pay high rents in the city centre and move to less central locations.
58
What does e-commerce mean
Bying online which decetralised shooping further
59
What does decentralisation mean
the movement of people, factories, offices and shops away from the city centre to suburban and edge-of-city locations.
60
How has new high tech industries affected London's cental areas
New high-tech industries located in business parks on the edge of London where land is cheaper and there are better transport links and easy access results in less need for people working in central London
61
What is gretification
Wealtheir people move into run down areas and regenerate them by improving their houses
62
What is stuedefication
A high student pop of an area
63
What is urban sprawl
Towns spread outwards in size as people move to the edge through suburbinisation
64
What is rebranding
Improving a place's image so people want to go there
65
How has London's docklands been regenerated/rebranded
In 1980s-90s as a centre for finance and buisnesses etc
66
Positive impacts of London Docklands regeneration
Social-transport links were improved like the Docklands light railway Environmental-environment has been improved and quality green space created Economic-businesses have been attracted back creating jobs like Canary Wharf being home to many media organisations and global banks
67
Nageative impacts of London Docklands regeneration
Social-people were forced out of homes. 36% of local pop were unskilled workers and lived in council homes. Existing communities were destroyed Economy-traditional businesses e.g. pubs closed and were replaced with services for wealthier newcomers.
68
Strategies to make employment more substainable
The London Living wages encourages buisnesses to pay fair wage that takes high living costs in. London to count
69
Strategies to make recycling more substainable
Only 33% of rubbish in London is recycled. London plans to reuse waste, providing accessible recycling and conposting services. Providing recycling bins all over city. Developing waste burning power stations to generate heat and power.
70
Strategies to make green space more substainable
London is 40% green space and has a green belt around it. there is a loss of farmland since 1945 is 750 000 hectares lost in urband development nationally. Green belt might not hold.
71
Strategies to make transport more substainable
Londin introduced a congestion charge in 2003 charging motorisits for daytime travel to central London. Lots of investment such as undergorund and overground trian and new bike lanes (Boris bike). Since 2012 all new London buses have been hybrid.
72
Strategies to make housing more substainable
BedZED's homes use 81% less energy for heating, 45% less electrcity and 58% less water than average homes. They also recycle 60% of their waste. Houses have thick insulation, solar pannels and water saving aplications
73
Costs of the interdependence of urban and rural areas
Some villages may become commute settlements who live in rural but work in urban. It leaves villages empty during the day. Wildlife habitats are effected by housing being built in coutnryside. Commuters drive cauing additional traffic and pollution
74
How is interdependence causing changes in Sevenoaks Distric (rural)
People are moving there from London for better quality of life. This puts pressure on housing (house prices rises by over 250% since 1995. There in now a much higherr percentae of older people with higher incomes. Creates demand for lesiure and recreation services. It is among 30% of most deprived areas for housing affordability.
75
How has employment deprived
Increased used of tech in agriculture and increasin farm sizes decreases workers. In kent agricultural and manufacturing workers has decreasd by 30% since 1998
76
What is rural diversification
Farmers finding aternaive ways of making oney either by farm-based activities or by starting business
77
Examples of rural diversification
Farm shops - kent opened a famr shop selling produce from stanhill farm and local area Accommodation - tanner farm park in kent has turned into touring caravan and camping park Lesiure activities - the hop farm in kent has an animal petting area, children's rides and places to eat
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