How are group dynamics defined?
forces that influence the interrelationships of members & ultimately affect group outcomes?
What are 3 assumptions group dynamics have?
- members have verbal ability
- level of freedom that allows choice making
- members are self-motivated to improve
What is Yalom’s self reflective loop?
He wants group members to pay attention to what they’re thinking, feeling, saying and doing
What do group over time demonstrate?
- Dynamics
- Group process
- Group development
- Group culture
- Norms & roles
- Client problem behaviors
- Termination of groups
What is Yalom’s therapeutic factors?
- interpersonal learning (in): learn how being viewed by others, becoming aware of negative social behavior & habits translates to RL relationships
- catharsis: release of emotional tension; emotional unburdening
- group cohesiveness: feelings of belonging to group, valuing the group
- self understanding: insight, discovering & accepting previously unknown parts self, both positive & negative
- interpersonal learning (out): being able to express thoughts and feeling, build social skills
- existential factors: acceptance of pain & death as realities
- universality: feeling of having problems similar to others, not alone
- illustration of hope: initial hope with expectations of getting help
- altruism: helping & supporting others to gain better self concept
- family reenactment: “corrective emotional experiences”; identifying & changing dysfunctional patterns or roles one played in primary family
- imparting information (guidance): teaching about problem & recover
- imitative behaviors (identification): modeling author’s manners, social behavior & recovery skills
What is Tuckman’s groups stages of development?
Forming: orienting & testing what group is about
Storming: conflict between members & can be expressed thru challenging group leader
Norming: pass thru conflict stage & begin to accept/trust each other
Performing: become cohesive group & conflict can be openly discussed & resolved
Reforming: termination point of group, reflecting on group experiences
What is Bion’s 3 persistent stage of group development?
- Flight: avoidance of problem or threat, pairing up to twos
- Fight: attack & challenge
- Unite: settle down to a stable working group with little emotionally
cohesive is a sign of a mature group
What are culture of groups?
Norms: ground rules, acceptable behavior
Culture: building role of the leader
Taking risk: to be challenged
What is a group role?
Behavior pattern or structure way of behaving within a group
What are the 3 types of roles within a grouo?
Group Task Roles
Group Building & Maintenance Roles
Individual Roles
What are the group task roles?
intiator-contributor
information giver
coordinator
energizer
information seeker
opinion giver
orienter
procedural technician
opinion seeker
elaborator
evaluator-critic recorder
What are the group building & maintenance roles?
Encourager
gatekeeper
follower
harmonizer
standard-setter
compromiser
group observer/commentator
What are the individual roles?
aggressor
self-confessor
help-seeker
blocker
playboy
recognition-seeker
dominator
special interest pleader
What are client problem behaviors?
- unequal participation
- attention-getting behaviors
- psychotic client behavior
What are cultural competence & group dynamics?
Power hierarchies within the group with respect to gender, ethnicity, race, age, or other individual diversities can create frustration and resentment within the group, especially in the conflict stage of development. For this reason, occupational therapy leaders need to facilitate constructive discussion around these issues in a culturally competent manner
When termination – ending group therapeutically?
Help group members go through a process
- review group experience, goals, learning that took place over life of group
- review concerns & feelings regarding separation & loss
- counsel skills
- finish unfinished business
- give feedback on skills learned
- help generalize learning
What are some therapeutic group intervention?
- homogeneous groups vs. heterogeneous groups
- knowledge acquisition or skills practice vs. electric orientation
- outpatient vs. inpatient
- long term group vs. short term group
What are some therapeutic factors for most influencing positive change?
- High level of trust and safety
- Respect individual and cultural differences
- Clear boundaries and rules of conduct
- Conflict is acknowledged and worked through
- Information and resources are openly shared
- Every member participates
- Unproductive behaviors are effectively managed
- Group accomplishes its objectives
- Nonverbal communications are acknowledged
- Continuity and follow-up from one session to the next
- Healthy group culture
