1
Q
It is the process of collecting blood through vein by using incision or puncture method to draw blood for analysis or as part of THERAPEUTIC or DIAGNOSTIC measures under the physician’s request.
A
Phlebotomy
2
Q
What does phlebos mean?
A
Vein
3
Q
What dies temnien/tomos/tome mean?
A
To cut
4
Q
Phlebotomy also called as
A
Venesection
5
Q
Vena means
A
Vein
6
Q
Sectio means
A
Cutting
7
Q
In this age, crude tools were used to cut vessel and drain blood from the body.
A
Stone Age
8
Q
Ancient Egyptians also practiced phlebotomy as form of “bloodletting”
A
1400 BC
9
Q
In 1400 BC, what did they use to suck blood?
A
Leeches
10
Q
What year did Hippocrates believed that a person’s health depends on the balance of the four humors?
A
460-377 BC
11
Q
Earth corresponds to
A
blood and brain
12
Q
Air corresponds to
A
phlegm and lungs
13
Q
Fire corresponds to
A
black bile and spleen
14
Q
Water corresponds to
A
Yellow bile ad gall bladder
15
Q
- It is the alternative medicine
- application of special heated suction cups on the patient’s skin
A
cupping
16
Q
- known as Hirudotherapy
- use leeches for bloodletting
- used for microsurgical replantation
A
Leaching
17
Q
Hirudin means
A
anticoagualant to prevent the blood to clot
18
Q
for diagnosis and treatment using blood samples
for transfusion, to remove blood from donor, and
for removal of blood for polycythemia or therapeutic purposes
A
Main Goals of Phlebotomy
19
Q
What is the two main methods of phlebotomy
A
Venipuncture and Capillary puncture
20
Q
Is the method of collection of blood through the vein of arm, back of the hands, or foot using a needle
A
venipuncture
21
Q
Blood is collected by puncturing the skin using a lancet
A
capillary puncture
22
Q
The ff is the
- Good manual dexterity
- Thorough knowledge of laboratory specimen requirements
- Special communication skills
- Training in phlebotomy skills
- Good organizational skills
A
Traits that form the Professional Image of the Phlebotomists
23
Q
What are the need credentials of phlebotomist to practice?
A
- Certification or license
- Continuing education
- Trainings and seminars
24
Q
- Reassuring and pleasant
- Good communication with patients
- Maintain positive customer relations
- Understand patient’s diversity
A
Patient-Client Interaction
25
- conservative clothing
- observe proper personal hygiene
Professional appearance
26
- decisions and judgements to patients and fellow co-workers
Self confidence
27
is a personal feeling of “wholeness” derived from honesty and consistency of character
. Integrity
28
- means being sensitive to a person’s needs and willing to offer reassurance in a caring and
humane way.
Compassion
29
- takes initiative to follow through on tasks
- consistently strives to improve and correct behavior
- makes every effort to provide excellence in all aspects of patient care
Self-motivation
30
- observe proper work ethic
- take personal responsibility for their actions
Dependability
31
- is a system of moral principles or standards that govern conduct and the distinction between
right and wrong.
- code of ethics
- PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: to safeguard the patient’s welfare
- to avoid harming the patient in any way
. Ethical behavior
32
- takes initiative to follow through on tasks
- consistently strives to improve and correct behavior
- makes every effort to provide excellence in all aspects of patient care
Self-motivation
33
- observe proper work ethic
- take personal responsibility for their actions
Dependability
34
Basic Concepts of Communication in the Healthcare Setting are:
verbal, non-verbal communication and active listining
35
type of communication, expressing ideas through words
Verbal Communication
36
type of communication,
- patient’s facial expressions and
- kinesics - body motion and language
- proxemics - individual's concept and use of space
- appearance - attire
- touch - thoughtful expression
Non-verbal communication
37
Two types of the Healthcare Setting
inpatient and outpatient
38
Inpatients means
non-ambulatory
39
Outpatient means
ambulatory
40
level of healthcare
health units in rural areas and sub-units
primary
40
level of healthcare
non-departmentalized hospitals
secondary
41
level of healthcare,
– medical centers and large hospitals
tertiary
42
medical care given to patients requiring care of follow up checkups after their discharge from the hospital
Ambulatory care
43
done in a patient’s home or in a long-term facility
Homebound care
44
unit at the local level but are still under the jurisdiction of the health department of the government
Public Health Services
45
* With permanent inpatient beds
* 24-hour nursing service
* Managed by organized medical team
Hospital
46
2 major divisions of hospital
* Clinical analysis area
* Anatomical and Surgical Pathology area
47
This section is intended for the testing of blood and other body fluids to quantify essential soluble chemicals including waste products useful for the diagnosis of certain diseases.
▪ analyzes serum and plasma for chemical constituents to evaluate general health and disorders of body systems and organs
Clinical Chemistry
48
for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
fasting blood sugar or FBS and Glycosylated Hemoglobin
49
* High- and Low-Density Lipoprotein
* Triglycerides
* For the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases
Total Cholesterol
50
Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders or gout
Blood uric acid
51
Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders
Blood Urea Nitrogen
52
Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders
Creatinine
53
Elevated levels indicate liver disorders
Aspartate aminotransferase
54
Elevated levels indicate bone or liver_ disorders
Alkaline phosphatase
55
Elevated levels indicate liver or hemolytic disorders
bilirubin
56
Elevated levels indicate early liver disorders
gamma-glutamytransferase (GGT)
57
* Elevated levels indicate myocardial infarction or lung or liver disorders
lactic dehydrogenase
58
Elevated level indicate pacreatitis
amylase and lipase
59
Evaluate body fluid balance
electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, CO2)
60
– levels of the BNP hormone in the blood which could indicate
congestive heart failure
B-type natriuretic Peptide (BNP) test
61
monitors therapeutic range to avoid toxic levels for drugs
drug analysis
62
– used to check liver and kidney disorders
total protein
63
– used for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
troponin 1
64
This section is subdivided into four sections:
* Bacteriology
* Mycobacteriology
* Mycology and Virology
* Focused on the identification of bacteria and fungi on specimens received.
* Most samples are obtained from the blood, urine, throat, sputum, genitourinary tract, wounds,
cerebrospinal fluid, and feces
Microbiology
65
Detect microbial infection and determines antibiotic treatment
culture and sensitivity
66
Detects bacteria and fungi in blood
blood culture
67
Detects the presence of and determines the type of fungi
fungal culture
68
Detects the presence of and aids in the identification of bacteria.
gram stain
69
This section deals with the enumeration of cells in the blood and other body fluids (e.g., CSF,
pleural fluid, etc.)
* Coagulation studies focus on blood testing for the determination of various coagulation factors
Hematology and Coagulation studies
70
* Is the most common type of test performed in the Hematology section
* Screening test to assess patient conditions such as infections and malignancy
Complete Blood Count
71
Determines the percentage of the different types of WBC and evaluates RBC and platelet morphology
differential
72
Determines the volume of RBC packed by CENTRIFUGATION
hematocrit
73
Determines the OXYGEN-carrying capacity of RBC
hemoglobin
74
Determines the amount of hemoglobin in RBC
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
75
Determines the weight of hemoglobin in RBC and compares it with the size of the cell
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
76
Determines the size of RBC
mean corpuscular volume
77
Determines the number of RBC in circulating blood
red blood cell count
78
Calculation to determine the differences in the
red blood cell distribution width
79
Determines the number of WBC in circulating blood
white blood cell count
80
* Determines the number and type of cells in bone marrow
▪ Hematology and Coagulation studies
body fluid analysis
81
Determines the number and type of cells in bone marrow
bone marrow
82
Determines the rate of RBC sedimentation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
83
Evaluates bone marrow production of RBC
reticulocytes count
84
Screening test for sickle cell anemia
sickle cell
85
increased of the neutrophils will lead to:
bacterial infection
86
increased of the ff will lead to: lymphocytes =
viral infection
87
increased of the ff will lead to: monocytes=
viral infection or chronic inflammation
88
increased of the ff will lead to: eosinophil =
allergy and parasitic infection
89
increased of the ff will lead to: basophil =
= allergic reactions
90
* In this area, the overall process of Hemostasis (stoppage of blood flow from a damaged blood vessel) is evaluated; this includes platelets, blood vessels, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis, inhibitors and anticoagulant therapy
* Plasma from a sample drawn in tube with light blue stopper that contains the anticoagulant sodium citrate
Coagulation Section
91
Evaluates the intrinsic system of coagulation cascade and monitors heparin therapy
activated partial thrombosplatin time
92
Screening test for increased clotting tendencies
antithromblin III
93
* Evaluate the function of platelets
bleeding time
94
* Measures abnormal blood clotting and fibrinolysis
▪ Hematology and Coagulation studies
D-dimer
95
* Detect factor deficiencies that prolong coagulation
Factor Assays
96
Test for increased fibrinolysis
Fibrin degradation products
97
Determines the amount of fibrinogen in plasma
Fibrinogen
98
Evaluates the function of platelets
Platelet aggregation
99
Evaluates the extrinsic system of coagulation cascade and monitors Coumadin therapy
Prothrombin time and international normalized ratio
100
Determines if adequate fibrinogen is present for normal coagulation
Thrombin time
101
This section comprise two areas
* Urine analysis and other body fluids
* Examination of stool or routine fecalysis
* Urinalysis is the routine screening procedure to detect disorders and infections of the kidney
and to detect metabolic disorder such as diabetes mellitus and liver disease.
* Consists of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination in urine
Clinical Microscopy
102
* detects blood, bilirubin and other pigments
* Depends on hydration status
* Normal color of urine = yellow
color
103
Detects cellular and crystalline elements
Appearance
104
Measures the concentration of urine
Specific gravity
105
Determines the acidity of urine
ph
106
Elevated levels indicate kidney disorders
Protein
107
Elevated levels indicate diabetes mellitus
Glucose
108
Detects red blood cells or hemoglobin
. Blood -
109
Elevated levels indicate liver disorders
Bilirubin
110
Elevated levels indicate liver or hemolytic disorder
Urobilinogen
111
Detects bacterial infection
Nitrite
112
Detects WBC and indicates urinary tract infection or UTI if there is a lot of neutrophils
Leukocyte esterase
113
determines the number and type of cellular elements
Microscopic
114
blood typing and compatibility test are the two main activities performed in this section.
Screening for all antibodies and identification of antibodies as well as blood components used for transfusion are also conducted.
* Blood bank samples are collected in plain red, lavender, or pink stopper plasma.
Immunohematology/Blood Banking
115
ABO and Rh typing
Group and Type
116
Detects abnormal antibodies in serum
Antibody screen
117
Detects abnormal antibodies on RBCs
3. Direct antihuman globulin test or direct Coombs
118
Identifies abnormal antibodies in serum
Panel
119
ABO, Rh typing, and compatibility test
. Type and crossmatch
120
ABO, Rh typing, and compatibility test
Type and screen
121
* Performs tests to evaluate the body’s immune response; that is, the production of antibodies and cellular activation
* Analyses of serum antibodies in certain infectious agents (primarily viral agents) are performed in this section bacterial infection and indicates urinary tract infection or UTI if there is a lot of neutrophils cellular elements blood typing compatibility test
antibodies serum antibodies
* Hepatitis B profile tests, serological test for syphilis, and tests for hepatitis C and dengue fever
are some examples of antibody screening tests
* Blood for this section is collected with red stoppers
Immunology/Serology
122
Screening test for _human immunodeficiency virus
Anti-HIV
123
Hormone found in the urine and serum during pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
123
Elevated levels indicate inflammatory disorders
C-reactive protein (CRP)
124
Detects cytomegalovirus infection
Cytomegalovirus antibody (CMV)
125
Detects hepatitis A current or past infection
hepatitis A
126
Detects hepatitis B current or past infection
hepatitis B
127
Detects hepatitis C current or past infection
hepatitis C
128
Evaluate the function of immune system
. Immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) levels
129
screening test for syphilis
Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
130
stands for short turnaround time
STAT
131
STAT means
Immediately
132
Usually located near the emergency room of some tertiary-care facilities
STAT Laboratory
133
Is a large and independent laboratory
Reference laboratory
134
Provides specialized and confirmatory laboratory tests for blood, urine, and tissues
FAST turnaround time
Reference Laboratory
135
Phlebotomy came from the greek words, phlebos which means vein and ________ which means to cut
temnein or tomos
136
. Cupping and leeching during the 17th century were performed using ________ and fleams.
Lancet
137
The main goals of phlebotomy practice are ________________ and treatment, transfusion and removal of blood for therapeutic purposes.
Diagnosis
138
The credentials of the phlebotomist are certification, _____________, and continuing education.
Licensure
139
. Area in the laboratory where microscopic structure of tissues are performed.
Anatomical and surgical pathology
140
This urine reagent strip parameter indicates patient with urinary tract infection
Leukocyte esterase
141
Reference laboratory for hematology
NKTI
142
Lipase is laboratory test that is performed in what section in the clinical laboratory?
Clinical Chemistry
143
. What section in the clinical laboratory does rapid plasma reagin is performed?
Immunology and Serology
144
Required fasting hours for fasting blood sugar
8-10 hours
