Hypothesis
a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more
variables.
a simple hypothesis is an educated, testable prediction about how one factor (the independent variable) will affect another (the dependent variable).
Variables
any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are
controlled or observed in a study. theres four…
independent variables
dependent variables
confunding variables
and Extraneous variables ( extra things that might accidentally affect the experiment’s results.)
Operational Definition-
describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure
or control a variable.
how you specifically measure something abstract for a study. Instead of a vague idea like “intelligence,” an operational definition turns it into something you can count, observe, and repeat.
Statistics-
is the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical
data
Median
Middle number!
the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores
Mean
add, add, add, divide by number of the ones divided
the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution
Mode-
the most frequent score in a distribution
Variability-
how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean.
variability is simply the degree to which data points in a set are spread out or clustered together. High variability vs low varibility.
Sample-
the collection of subjects for observation in an empirical study.
The sample would be the specific group of children who participated in the study.
theory
an idea that explains certain facts or phenomenon that has not been proven
true
bias
an error introduced into research due to the encouragement or expectation of an
expected outcome
case study
an in depth study of a group or person and their interaction to the
environment
a case study is an in-depth, detailed look at a single person, group, or event. Instead of studying a large group to find general rules, a case study focuses on one unique subject to understand the “how” and “why” of their situation.
Imagine a news report about a famous athlete with a rare brain injury.
A case study is like a deep-dive documentary on just that one athlete. It would cover:
-Their life before and after the injury.
Interviews with their family, teammates, and doctors.
-An analysis of how the brain damage specifically affected their personality and memory.
not generalizable
Longitudinal Study
an observational research method in which data is gathered for the
same subjects repeatedly over a period of time
range
the area of variation between upper and lower limits on a particular scale
Statistical Significance-
a number that denotes that something is not by chance but has
an actual cause
your research findings are unlikely to be due to random chance but are likely a real effect of the variables you’re studying. SUGGESTS ITS A GENUINE PATTERN AND NOT A FLUKE!!!!
If the p-value is above 0.05, the difference is considered insignificant, and the result could be due to chance
savant
a person who is below normal intelligence but who has very unusual mental
abilities that the average person does not possess
intelligence
the ability to learn, understand, and use information
correlation
the measurement of how two variables vary together
blind study
A study in which the observer is unaware of which individuals or which
groups have been given the independent variable
placebo
the substance that has no medical properties but is given to the patient to
create a control and eliminate bias
operational
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
theory
the explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviours or events.
experimentation:
experimental group
receives the treatment (independent variable
control group
does not receive the treatment
