Unit 1

Question 1

Whats in a name?

Answer 1

Colonial histories and power dynamics

Question 2

Accepted Terms

Answer 2

• indigenous, first nations, metis, inuit, aboriginal

Question 3

Non commonly accepted

Answer 3

indian, native, eskimo

Question 4

Never use names

Answer 4

• redskin, savage, half breed, heathen, indian giver, spirit animal, tribe, pow wow

Question 5

• 15th century indian by christopher columbus assumed to arrive to asia

Question 6

When did the indian act come to power?

Answer 6

1876; colonial laws aimed to eliminate first nations culture in favour to assimilation into euro Canadian society

Question 7

Year of 1982

Answer 7

Constitution Act – Aboriginal – term used Section 35 of the Canadian constitution as definition of Indigenous peoples (used in Australia as well, not USA)

Question 8

Year of 1970-80

Answer 8

First Nations – not legal definition, ethnicity, neither Inuit or Metis

Question 9

Year of 1970s

Answer 9

Indigenous – UN term, peoples of long settlement and connection to specific lands

Question 10

How many people in canada self indentify as an indigenous person?

Answer 10

1.67 million people in Canada (4.9% of the population of Canada)

Question 11

Indigenous Cultures: Languages

Answer 11

70 distinct Indigenous languages in Canada, falling into 12 separate language families.

Question 12

Indigenous cultures include

Answer 12

• language
• practices
• ceremonies/rituals
• art/design/songs/food
• story telling/oral histories
• child rearing
• cultural norms and customs
• health and healing
• ways of knowing

Question 13

What idea are indigenous worldviews centered?

Answer 13

Interconnectedness

Question 14

interconnected

Answer 14

• the present, past, and future; all people and all of creation; individuals and their kin; and within oneself, the spirit, heart, body, and mind.
• Many Indigenous cultures focus on teachings from the circle, which represents connection and balance within a system of ongoing change

Question 15

Visible Cultural Expressions: Smudging

Answer 15

• Indigenous ceremony, passed down through generations
  – Burning of sacred medicines (sage, tobacco, cedar, sweetgrass)
  – Used to purify the body, mind, and space
  • Cleanses any negative energy and emotions
  • Voluntary
  • Can be done anywhere and /or as a part of a variety of gatherings

Question 16

Theories in Practice

Answer 16

1. Colonialism and the impacts
2. Postcolonialism
3. Models of Health
4. Decolonization
5. Colonialism and Decolonization of Nursing practice

Question 17

What is Colonialism?

Answer 17

• Colonization, or colonisation refers to large-scale population movements where the migrants maintain strong links with their—or their ancestors’— former country, gaining significant privileges over other inhabitants of the territory by such links.

Question 18

settler colonialism

Answer 18

• When colonization takes place under the protection of colonial structures
• This often involves the settlers dispossessing indigenous inhabitants, or instituting legal and other structures which systematically disadvantage them.

Question 19

Colonization Definition

Answer 19

as the process of establishing foreign control over target territories or people for the purpose of cultivation, often through establishing colonies and possibly by settling them.

Question 20

Postcolonism Field of Study:

Answer 20

of the cultural, political and economic legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands

Question 21

Postcolonialism Era

Answer 21

18th to 20th century, Western colonialism

Question 22

Postcolonialism Anthropology

Answer 22

defines it as the relationship between

European nations and areas they colonized and once ruled

Question 23

Postcolonialism Themes

Answer 23

the negotiation of two identities – the split consciousness of being both, yet neither completely; multiple identities or solidarities

Question 24

Milestones

Answer 24

1948 - Canadian Dr. Brock Chisholm was elected as the first Director-General of the World Health Organization
– Mandatory public health measures
– Development of ‘social safety net’
1969 – Medical Care Act aka: Canada Health Act
1972 – ParticipACTION
1974 – Lalonde Report – Canada as world leader; away from victim blaming for health outcome – 1978 HP Directorate, 1979 UoT Health Promotion
1986 – Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Practice
1997 – Jakarta Declaration – Poverty as the greatest threat to health 2000 – Social Medial – challenges and opportunities
2020 – COVID-19 = Mis/Disinformation !!!!

Question 25

Decolonization

Answer 25

refers to the process of deconstructing (not an outcome) colonial ideologies of the superiority and privilege of Western thoughts and approaches.

Question 26

Decolonization involves

Answer 26

- dismantling structures that perpetuate the status quo, problematizing dominant discourses, and addressing unbalanced power dynamics. - decolonization involves valuing and revitalizing Indigenous knowledge and approaches and weeding out settler biases or assumptions that have impacted Indigenous ways of being.

Question 27

Decolonization necessitates

Answer 27

shifting our frames of reference with regard to the knowledge we hold; examining how we have arrived at such knowledge; and considering what we need to do to change misconceptions, prejudice, and assumptions about Indigenous Peoples.

Question 28

Examples of systemic racism in action

Answer 28

Denial • Not talking about racism • Ignoring, turning a cheek • A form of gaslighting

Question 29

TRC report 2015

Answer 29

``` – Commission activities – The history – The legacy – The challenge of reconciliation – Calls to Action ```

Question 30

Reconciliation starts with?

Answer 30

Starts with the TRUTH | – Requires education and at times, “unlearning”

Question 31

Reconciliation Definition

Answer 31

“the re-establishment of a conciliatory state” – “is similar to dealing with a situation of family violence. It’s about coming to terms with events of the past in a manner that overcomes conflict and establishes a respectful and healthy relationship among people, going forward.” (p. 6) – To the Commission, reconciliation is about establishing and maintaining a mutually respectful relationship between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples in this country. In order for that to happen, there has to be awareness of the past, acknowledgement of the harm that has been inflicted, atonement for the causes, and action to change behaviour.” (p.6-7)

Question 32

TRC MANDATE WHO

Answer 32

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (TRC) was created through a legal settlement between Residential Schools Survivors, the Assembly of First Nations, Inuit representatives and the parties responsible for creation and operation of the schools: the federal government and the church bodies

Question 33

TRC MANDATE WHAT

Answer 33

The TRC’s mandate was to inform all Canadians about what happened in residential schools. The TRC documented the truth of Survivors, their families, communities and anyone personally affected by the residential school experience. This included First Nations, Inuit and Métis former residential school students, their families, communities, the churches, former school employees, government officials and other Canadians

Question 34

Post colonial feminist literature in nursing

Answer 34

- aims to hear the voices of all marginalized subjects Expose unequal distribution of power • Intersectionality – Oppression does not operate independently – Marker of oppression: culture, disability, ethnicity, gender, immigrant status, sexual orientation, race (synergies)

Question 35

Eqaulity

Answer 35

- assumption is that everyone benefits from the same supports; this is equal treatement

Question 36

Equity

Answer 36

- everyone gets the supports they need; this is the concept of affirmative action; this is equal treatment

Question 37

Justice

Answer 37

- all 3 can see the game without supports or accommodations because the cause(s) of the inequity was addressed; systemic barrier has been removed

Question 38

Racism

Answer 38

Barrier to health equity • Nursing culture, values, teaching, mentoring, hiring process, clinical practice, clients, societal (outside work) • Institutionalized – law, gov, edu, healthcare • Ex: textbooks with white bodies

Question 39

White privilege

Answer 39

Individual • Systemic /structural • Truth – what privilege looks like • Ex. teaching Nightingale and missionaries in SA, instead of local nursing professionals

Question 40

White privilege in nursing profession looks like

Answer 40

``` seek health care = encounter a practitioner of my own race • read health promotion literature = can be pretty sure that many, if not most, of the faces in the pamphlets will reflect my skin color • special bandages, splints, or prosthesis = the color of the materials used will reflect my skin color • nursing professional association meetings = most of the persons in positions of importance and decision making are persons of my race • nursing practice in a hospital or in the community = govern workplace my race • lobby my local or national political representatives about a health related issue = my race education in nursing at the baccalaureate, masters or doctoral level= most of my professors will be persons of my race • not hired for a nursing position = I don’t question whether my race was a possible reason for rejection • In my nursing class about the historical influences on health, when I speak up about the discrimination and near starvation of Irish people, at the hands of the British in the potato famine in the mid 1800s, I can be pretty sure that I will not be accused of making an issue of something that is long past and no longer worth dwelling on, or of ‘taking things too seriously’ • As a student, when I go to the clinical skills lab, I can be pretty sure that the demonstration models will reflect my skin color ```

Question 41

94 calls of action target:

Answer 41

``` Recommendations are directed at: • F/P/Ts, municipal and Indigenous government • Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities • Post-secondary institutions • Healthcare institutions • Faith-based institutions • Media organizations and • Members of the corporate sector ```

Question 42

What