1
Q
what is the brain/body phenomenon?
A
how can physical stimuli trigger mental experiences
2
Q
what is dualism?
A
The position that mind and body are in some categorical way, seperate from each other, that mental phenomena are, on some resposects, non-physical in nature
3
Q
what is the ventricular localization theory?
A
- cerebrospinal fluid determined intellectual function-brain helf substance of thought
- cognitive functions are the product of the non-corporeal soul
4
Q
what is the three part model proposed by the ventricular localization theory?
A
- Perception (Anterior)
- Reason (Middle)
- Memory (Posterior)
5
Q
What occured during the transition period?
A
Shift from Ventricles to the Brain
6
Q
What 3 beliefs were established during the transiton period?
A
- Cerebral cortex - started seeing more detailed representations
- Dualism
- Rejection of ventricles and shoft to cortex
7
Q
What was the large debate that occured in the transition period?
A
Localization vs. Holism
8
Q
What is the localization approach?
A
Different congitive functions assigned to different areas of cortex
9
Q
What was phrenology, how is it related to localization?
A
- Differences between peoples cognitive/personality traits related to different cortical sizes/bumps
- Shape of skull = indicative of personality/intellect
10
Q
What is Holism?
A
- Mind is whole, cannot be fractioned, equipotential.
- You can degreade cognition but not localize
11
Q
What patient was used to argue for the holism vs. localization debate?
A
Phineas Gage
- Could still function normally despite his significant injury
- His behaviour changes significantly despite his lack of disability
12
Q
Describe Patient Tan
What was damaged?
What were his impairments?
A
- Damage: Suffered stroke in the left inferior frontal lobe - could only respond “tan”
- Good comprehension, non-fluent speech, poor repition
13
Q
Describe Patient Wernike (Wernickes Aphasia)
What was damaged?
What were his impairments?
A
- Damage: the posterior upper temporal lobe in the left hemisphere
- Impairments: Poor comprehension, fluent speech, poor repition
14
Q
What do did Patient Tan & Wernicke prove?
A
- Language is a function that can be independently damaged
- Function is anatomically localizable
- There are at least 2 language areas that can be independently affected by brain damage
15
Q
What did diagram makers do?
A
- Construct models on how the mind worked based on the impairments and damage that they saw in their patients
- Emphasis on discovering cognitive pathways
16
Q
What did the Langage Center Model indicate about patients with Broca’s aphasia?
A
- Had a lesion in the motor center, as they had a motor impairment
- Speech requires the coordination of muscles
17
Q
What did the Langage Center Model indicate about patients with Wernicke’s aphasia?
A
- Something wrong with their ability to take in speech and translate that into language that had conceptual meaning
18
Q
Describe a patient with conduction aphaisia
What is damaged?
What are their impairments?
A
- Good comprehension
- Fluent speech
- Poor repition
19
Q
What are do patients with conduction aphasia lack?
A
- Ability to take in language process it, and then pass over the representation to the motor center to be repeated
- Therefore they can understand, but not repeat
20
Q
What is the impairment of conduction aphasia?
A
Damage to the pathway connecting the two language centers
21
Q
Describe a patient with transcortical sensory aphasia
What is damaged?
What are their impairments?
A
- Lesion in pathway between Auditory Images –> Concepts
- If they heard a phrase they could repeat it, but they would not understand what the phrase means
- But they could comprehend visual stimuli and talk about it
Summary
- Fluent
- Poor comprehension from auditory stimuli
- Good repitition
22
Q
Describe a patient with transcortical motor aphasia
What is damaged?
What are their impairments?
A
- Lesion in pathway between Concepts –> and Motor Patterns
- Unable to take own thoughts and turn it into language
Summary
- Non fluent
- Good comprehension
- Good repition
23
Q
What were the 4 Weaknesses of the Diagram makers?
A
1) Inadequate Psychological Formulation: did not develop concept of centers
2) Lack of Emperical Constraints: based entirely on case studies (not alot of rules to mesiate theier practice of science)
3) Lack of Emperical Support: Theory-driven, not data driven (not alot of data)
4) Strictley tired to Anatomy: did not differenciate between cognitive model and neural model. There is more nuance.
23
Q
What occured during the golden age?
A
- Rejection of single-case studies, mode psychometric approach
- Information processing models
- Distinguided between cognition and neural anatomy
- 3 stage model of memory
- However multiple models of cognition - brain and mind evolution
23
What are the 3 fields that adress brain damage?
- Cognitive neuroscience
- Clinical neuropsycology
- Cognitice neuropsychology
23
Clinical neuropsychology
Clinical - all about treatment
24
Define the field of cognitive neuroscience
Each region does not have one function, each function does not have one discrere location. although specilization of neurons in perticular regions
25
What are the main components of Classical neuropsychology?
GQ, Adressing, Who
''Tied to diagram makers"
Guiding Question
- What functions are dispupted by damage to x area?
Adresses
- Functional specilization, considering evidene from functional imaging
- Interested in mapping function to a specific brain region
Who
- Groups of patients
26
What are the main components of cognitive neuropsychology?
GQ, Adressing, Who
"Interested in how the brain works - not specific to localization"
Guiding Question
- Can a particular function be spared/impaired relative to other cogntive functions?
Adresses
- Adressing questions of cognitive components
Who
- single case studies of patients
- thinking of each patient as somone who can reveal information that can help imporve a model that is based on a combination of imaging and patient data
27
Pros to studying patients
- Can elicit striking dissociations between cogntive processes
- Can steer you to important aspects of cognition to study
- Provide insights into the phenomenological experience of disruption
28
Cons to studying patients
Have to consider
- Normal individual variation in performance
- Effects on compensatory operations - way of coping or responding to deficit
- Effects from disruption of other processes
29
What are the 3 methods of grouping?
- behavioural symptoms = these patients show a specific common symptom
- behavioural syndrome = these patiens show multiple symptoms that commonly co-occur together
- lesion location = these patients have the same location of damage, useful for testing causual predictions derived from functional imaging
30
What is the downside of conducting gorup studies?
Group studies have an averaging effect which results in the loss of information
- difficult to localize lesions, different injuries might have different effects on the brain (ex. tumor and swelling vs stroke and surgery)
31
How are single case studies generalized?
- We account for all reported cases of disorder to that function -> no longer a theory of a single patient
- Try to account for data from cogntive psychology -> can develop theory of normal cognition
*emphasis on establishing cognitive models rather than linking cognition with brain structures*
32
Describe the Modularity/Fractionation assumption
- Domain Specificity
- There are independent modules that process different things & modules can be damaged independently of one another, both functionally and anatomically
- no selective disorders
33
Describe the Universality assummption
- All cogntive systems are essentially identical
- All individuals share the same cognitive systems
- Allow us to genralize findings
- If fals -> findings from a group of patients cant be generalized
34
Describe the Transperency assumption
- When a module is damaged, the behavior **clearly** reflects that damage
- Brain damage -> behavioral effect
- Performance reflects the total cogntive system minus the components that were affected by lesion/damage
35
Describe the 4 challenges to Transparency
1) The factor that we are most interested in....
2) Normal individual variation in performance
3) Effects of compensatory operations
4) Effects from disruption of other processes
36
What are the 3 methods for making task and resource connections?
1) Associations or Similarities
2) Single Dissociations or Differences
3) Double Dissociation: most ideal
37
Give example of Association Method Result
- Patient X is impaired on Task 1 also impaired on Tasks 2 & 3
- Common cogntitive process or illusory association
- Highlights weakness of associations and power of dissociations
38
Give example of Single Dissociations or Differences Result and con
- Patient X impaired on Task 1, but normal on Task 2
- but could be just due task difficulty
39
Give example of Double Dissociations Result
- Patient X impaired on Task 1 but normal on Task 2
- Patient Y normal on Task 1 but impaired on Task 2
40
What are the three ways the brain is organized?
1) Topographic
2) Serial
3) Parallel
41
Describe Topographic organization
- Lobes associated with particular functions
42
Describe Serial or Hierarchial organization
- Projection system: Primary-Secondary-Tertiary Association
- Can produce more generalized deficits due to lack of input to higher regions
43
Describe Parallel organization
- Different aspects of sensory and motor information processed in distinct areas of the cortex
- Can get specific functional deficits with restricted cortical lesions
44
What is Agnosia?
Disorder in perciving and recognizing objects, that is distinct from lower level visual impairments
45
Describe Apperceptive Agnosia
Inability to differentiate between visually similar items
- Have trouble seeing an object as a whole, versus intergrated parts
- Unable to construct accurate 3-D percept
- Trouble perceiving what it is, they do not have a semantic impairment
46
Descirbe Associative Agnosia
Inability to assign object significance or meaning
- Able to differenciate betweenvisually similar items
- able to construct accurate 3-D percept
- Object has lost significance or meaning
47
What did the unconventional views, overlapping & object matching tasks reveal about the location of impairment for agnosic patients?
Conventional vs. Unconventional (perceptually challenging)
- Neither left or right hemisphere damaged patients had issues recognizing objects in a conventional view.
- But patients with right hemosphere damage had issues with unconventional view test (apperceptive agnosia)
Overlapping Test (perceptually challenging)
- Right hemisphere damaged patients were bad at this test (apperceptive agnosia)
- Left hemisphere damaged patients showed no impairment
Object Matching (conceptually challenging)
- left hemisphere damaged patients were bad at this test (associative agnosia)
- Right hemisphere damaged patients showed no impairment
48
What did the Perceptial Conceptual task reveal about impairments?
Right & Left hemisphere damage = impaired
49
Explain patient MS in relation to the Marr Model
Patients Ms's 3-D Model Representation center was impaired
50
Explain patient FRA in relation to the Marr Model
Patient FRA's pathway between the 3-D Model Representation center and the Semantic System was impaired
51
What tasks prove that Warrigntons model is more accurate?
what did the task results prove?
Warrington conducted an unconventional views test in which she controlled for the presence of the principal axis and recorded the amount of angles that must be turned for the patients to recognize the object.
Test Results:
- angle rotation was consistent in both trials
- foreshortened principle axis vs. in tact principle axis
- Patients need sufficient features to specify the stimulus & differentiate it from other perceptually similar stimuli
52
Whta did Warringtons model and tests indicate?
RH patients have "degredation of visual vocabulary"
- more distincitve features needed to recognize an object
Deficits can be elicited when distinctive features are
- Obscured
- Degraded
- Distorted
- Foreshortened
53
What are the 4 Broad stages of the Hierarchial processing Approach
1) Early visual processing
2) Grouping of visual elements
3) Matching grouped visual elements to a representation of the object's structural description
4) Attaching meaning to the accessed structural description
54
What is Intergrative Agnosia?
Describe patient HJA, what was unique about his impairment?
Unable to perceive objects as a whole
- He saw objects as parts of a whole, and could perceive the details of an object
- The details prevented him from prevented him from perceiving objects as a whole because he could not intergrate the details into a whole
However...
- When he was given silluettes, he was able to recognize the object from it's overall shape in the absence of it's details
55
Given the Heirarchial Processing Approach what was patient HJA impaired in?
Grouping of visual elements
56
What are the two paths to object constancy?
Ventral Stream: Feature matching
Dorsal Stream: Object rotation
57
What is object oriention Agnosia?
Patients can recognize objects in all viewpoints (usual and canonical), but cannot choose the correct orientation for an object
**cant tell if its in the typical orientation or not**
58
Describe Patient FRA
- Diagnosis
- Normal
- Impairment
- Associative Agnostic Subject
- Perfomed normally on overlapping figures test
- Could not recognize objects
59
Describe Patient MS
- Diagnosis
- Normal
- Impairment
- Perceptual Agnosic
- Failed Unvonventional Views Test
60
Describe Patient HJA
- Diagnosis
- Normal
- Impairment
- Intergrative Agnistic
- Could recognize objects from a silluette or based on its distinct features sepertaley
- Could not recognize objects as a whole, impaired in intergrating the details into the whole
61
Describe Patient EL
- Diagnosis
- Normal
- Impairment
- Object Orientation Agnosia
- Could recognize objects in unconventional views
- Could not tell if objects were in the normal orientation or not
62
What is propopagnosia?
What is damage causes propopagnosia?
- Inability to differentiate between faces
- Caused by damage to the inferior occipital areas in both hemispheres
63
What is Prosopagnosia I?
Inability to percieve faces at all
- can see eyes, nose, lips but can not percieve face as a whole
- can not recognize sex or age of face, or know that a face is a face at all
64
What is Prosopagnosia II?
Faces can be perceived but not recognized
- Can percieve charachteristics of faces but can not recognize who a face belongs to
65
What is the trajectory of the Bruce and Young Model of Face Processing? (6)
1) Presented with facial stimuli
2) View-centered descriptions -> structural encoding
3) Expression-independent descriptions
4) Face recognition units
5) Person Identity Nodes
6) Name Generation
66
What occurs in the Face Recognition Unit?
Matching what we are seeing to a fixed **physical** representation, that we have stored in the mind
67
What occurs in the Person identitiy nodes?
Recognizing familiar face from previous stored **semantic** information
68
Describe Unteroffizier S.
- impairment
- what part of the bruce young face processing model was impaired
- Inability to perceive faces
- Impaired in the structural encoding pathway
69
Describe Mr. W
- impairment
- what part of the bruce young face processing model was impaired
Intact in
- Copying of line drawings of faces
- discriminating between unfamiliar faces
- identifying age and sex
- percieving facial expressions
- memory representations of familiar people
Not intact
- Inability to recognize faces percieved normally
- Impaired in the face recognition units center
70
What is unique about the face processing model, specifically the Personal Identitiy Nodes?
What test indicate this unique phenomenon?
At a subconsious level, faces hold semantic meaning. The nervous system detects information, and infleunces their response.
Test include
- Skin conductance response
- Face matching test (faster at distinguishing between familiar faces)
- Name classification(focus on name, say occupation)
- Occupation-face association learning (got true pairings correct) BUT not for specific information
71
What does the subconsious semantic information that Agnostic II patients have indicate?
Unconscious associative learning
Power of the frequency of exposure!!
- Brain makes connections with face strucutre template of people & semantic infromation
- Face: Joe Biden Name: Joe Biden
72
Provide evidence for why faces might be special
- Face Inversion Effect: People are especially bad at distinguishing between inverted faces
-
73
What do experimental data that suggest faces might be special indicate?
- Faces are sent down a completeley different visual pipeline than object
- The pathway is specific to upright faces and faces are evolutionary significant
74
Describe the correlation between expertise and the inversion effect?
what does this suggest?
Alike faces - inversion effect results are significantly worse when people done with other stimuli on which people are experts on
- this suggests that their might be a single expertise pathway used to process faces
75
What might disprove the expertise arugument?
Patient WJ had an expertise in sheep, but still impaired face recognition
- Paired associative learning task showed that he had a specific impairment in attaching semantic information to faces. but could attach semantic information to sheep
76
Describe the Conspec pathway
**Innate pathway that lead to humans interest in faces**
- Acessed primarily vis subcortical pathway
- Contains primal structural information about sensory charachteristics of species (conspecifics)
77
Describe conlearn
**Ability to Develop Expertise**
- Acessed primarily vis cortical pathway
- requires specific infromation about visual charachteristics of species
78
Define Bildsight
Residual visual processing after the destruction of primary visual cortex
- Conscious visual experience is lost, but still able to respond accuratley to visual stimuli
79
Define Type I blindsight
Ability to guess with NO conssious awareness
80
Describe Type II Blindsight
Ability to giess but sense of some sort of change wihin their blind field
81
Describe Patient DB
- Damage location
- Behaviour
- Removed part of right occipital lobe
- Could point at location of flashed light significantly above chance
82
Describe Patient GY
- Damage location
- Behaviour
- Left visual cortex
- Could unconsiously visually discriminate
- He knew somethign moved, but could not see it
83
What might explain blind sight?
Intralaminar Layer -> V5 pathway survies
- Motion processing in V5 is intact
84
What are some reasons as to why V5 specifically is responsible for acurate guessign despite blindsight?
1) V5 is responsible for motion processing/contrast detetcion. & the consious awareness of light increases as motion and contrast of stimulus increases
2) Blindsight patients can report what extremeley light grey line drawings are (80% accuracy). The V5 contrast threshold is much more sensitive than that of V1
