What does type 1 diabetes mean
Failure to produce insulin
What does type 2 diabetes mean
Loss of insulin receptor function
What are microtubles
Hollow cylinders composed of tumbin
Where do microtubles radiate from
MTOC microtuble organisational centre
2 functions of the sodium potassium pump
- Generate an ion concentration gradient
- Glucose symport in the small intestine
Role of ATP in a sodium potassium pump
To help with phosphorylation
What is cytokinase
The separation of the cytoplasm of two daughter cells
Degenerative diseases are….
When the normal control of the cell cycle leads to the expression of certain proteins associated with Alzheimer’s
The response for increase in insulin
- Binding of the peptide hormone insulin to the receptor which causes a conformational change which triggers phosphorylation of the receptor
- The phosphorylation cascades inside the cell, leads to GLUT4 containing vesicles which are transported to the cell membrane of fat and muscle cells.
- GLUT 4 is transported by proteins to allow glucose to pass across the plasma membrane and enter the cell.
Target cells have….
Specific proteins to bind to therefore they have a specific binding sequences and responses.
Resting membrane potential
State when there is no flow of ions across the membrane
Action potential
Wave of electrical excitation along a neurons plasma membrane
Describe the generation and transmission of a nerve impulse in neurons (7)
1.Resting membrane potential (give definition)
2.The transmitting of a nerve impulse requires changes in the membrane potential of the neurons plasma membrane
3. An action potential (give definition)
4. Neurotransmitters initiate a response by binding to their receptors at a synapse
5. Inactivation of the sodium channels and the opening of the potassium channels restores the resting membrane potential.
6. Depolarisation of a patch of membrane causes neighbouring regions of membrane to depolarise and go through the same cycle, as voltage gated sodium channels are opened.
7. When the action potential reaches the end of the neuron it causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitter which stimulates a response in a connecting cell.
