1
Q
considered as the catalyst of change
A
Extension
2
Q
Overview of agricultural extension
A
Analysis of the situation-> Provision of information-> Instruction, research, extension & production -> Application -> valuation of results of practices -> development
3
Q
Types of developments caused by agricultural extension
A
- Improving the nation’s economic well-being
-Rural development - Socio-economic development
- Improving rural livelihoods
- Improving quality of life
4
Q
Characteristics of Agricultural extension
A
- extension is a science
-extension process
-scientific discipline
-Non-formal education
5
Q
extension & research are likened to
A
Siamese twins
6
Q
Without extension, research is likened to a
A
fruitless tree
6
Q
Without research, extension is likened to a
A
hollow drum
6
Q
_________ must find an end user that could benefit from the discovered knowledge and generated technology
A
Research outputs
6
Q
Research outputs must find an end user that could benefit from the ___________ & _______________
A
discovered knowledge & generated technology
7
Q
________ should be able to utilize researches to enhance the content of their extension work
A
Extension
7
Q
Extension should be able to utilize ____________ to enhance the content of their extension work
A
researches
8
Q
Extension is derived form the latin roots, “ex”- meaning _______ & “tensio” meaning __________
A
out and stretching
8
Q
The term extension originated in
A
England in 1866 (Cambridge university)
9
Q
In 1873 the cambridge university first used the term __________________ followed by london(1876) and oxford university (1878)
A
Extension education
10
Q
Father of Indian Extension
A
K.N. Singh
11
Q
An ongoing process of getting useful information to people and then assisting those people to acquire the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes to utilize effectively this information and technology
A
Swanson & Claar (1973)
11
Q
Signifies an ________________ system of education
A
out-of-school
11
Q
Father of university extension
A
James Stuart
12
Q
Father of extension education
A
J.P Leagans
12
Q
“Putting useful knowledge to work”
A
Paul Leagans (1961)
13
Q
An out-of-school system of education in which adults and young people learn by doing
A
Kelsey & Hearne (1963)
14
Q
A service or system which assists farm people through educational procedures
A
Addison Maunder (1973)
15
Q
The conscious use of communication of information to people form sound opinions and make good decisions
A
Anne Van de Ban & Hawkins (1985;1997)
15
Q
A professional communication intervention deployed by an institution to induce change in voluntary behavior with presumed public or collective utility
A
Niels Roling (1988)
15
Transfer of technology: supporting farmers
improve their ability to use new technology.’’
‘’Advisory work: supporting farmers solve
their own problems now in and in the future.’’
‘’Facilitation: supporting farmers to become
more actively embedded in the agricultural
knowledge and information system.’’
Neuchatel Group (2001)
15
The transfer and spread of technology and technical information or know-how from information sources or developers through those who communicate it to those who recieve it
Blackburn & Flaherty (1994)
15
The entire set of organizations that support and
facilitate people engaged in agricultural production to
solve problems and to obtain information, skills, and
technologies to improve their livelihoods and wellbeing.
Regina Bimer (2009)
16
A system that facilitate the access of farmers,
their organizations, and their interaction with
partners in research, education, agri-business,
and other relevant institutions; and assist
them to develop their own technical,
organizational, and management skills and
practice.
Ian Christoplos (2010)
16
Voorlichting
Dutch/Netherlands
17
Lighting the pathway ahead to help people find their way
Voorlichting
17
Penyuluhan
Indonesia
18
Lighting the way ahead with a torch
Penyuluhan
18
Perkembangan
Malaysia
19
developmen; progress
Perkembangan
20
Alternative words for extension in Germany
- Auflarung
-Aufklarung
-Erziegung
-Beratung
21
Enlightenment; to stress the importance of knowing clearly where we are going
Auflarung/ Aufklarung
21
Education, teaching people to solve problems themselves
Erziegung
22
Advisory work; an expert can give advice on the best way to reach your goal but leaves you with the final responsibility for selecting the way
Beratung
23
Forderung
Austria
24
Vulgarisation
France
24
Need to simplify the message for the common man
Vulgarisation
24
Furthering; stimulating one to go in a desirable direction
Forderung
25
Capacitacion
Spain
26
Improving people’s skills, training
Capacitacion
27
Song-Suem
Thai, Lao
28
To promote
Song-Suem
29
Extension
USA
30
Education
Extension
31
Importance of Agricultural Research and extension
-Help to improve development (economic growth, poverty alleviation, rural development)
-improve management of natural resources
-Agricultural research is central for boosting productivity
-It is the primary engine of the economic growth
32
Conditions for a successful agricultural extension service
- Organized Information based on accumulated knowledge and/or research, suitable for a particular environment.
- Information used to educate professional agriculturists. (higher education in Ag)
- Appropriate funds and administrative organizational structure
- Legislative or official mandate that prescribes Agricultural Extension
33
Agricultural extension is not a _________ effort
one-shot
33
Elements for an Effective Agricultural Extension Service
- Extension Agent (Good communication skills, Good technical knowledge)
- Teaching method (Demonstration, Methods, Results)
- Supporting Funds
- Infrastructure
34
It entails a continuous, long-term process of contact with farmers to understand their production conditions and to guide research to develop recommendations that respond to farmers’ needs.
Agricultural Extension
35
Emancipatory extension
empowers them
35
Intends to free and uplift the poor, to correct structural problems and to achieve society’s goals.
Emancipatory extension
35
helps people make well-considered choices among alternatives offered by extension so they can achieve their goals.
Informative extension
35
Emphasizes the formation or enhancement of the peoples’ capacity to make decisions, to learn, to communicate with others, to analyze the environment and to be a leader also known as ‘human resource development’ or ‘capability building’.
Formative extension
36
Formative extension
shapes or molds
36
Informative extension
helps farmers make their own choices
37
aims to achieve societal objectives and collective utilities by inducing preventive behavior in the interest of society as a whole or of future generation. A policy instrument to convince stakeholders to adopt technologies or practices deemed desirable by the intervening agency or for the greater good (e.g.., environmental protection, adoption of new or superior technology.
Persuasive extension
38
Persuasive extension
policy instrument
39
imensions of extension (Jirli, 2026)
- Altruistic dimension
- Educational dimension
- Communication dimension
- Behavioral diension
- Technology dimension
- Research dimension
- Management dimension
- Input dimension
- Income dimension
- Professional dimension
40
It is concerned with how we treat
others. Imagining and putting
oneself in the shoes of other.
Altruistic dimension
41
- Education is the process of
achieving desired behavioral
changes.
- The ultimate goal of the ________________________ is to change people’s
knowledge, skills and attitudes to
broaden their horizons of thought.
Educational dimension
42
Communication is the process of
changing ideas, facts, and feelings
between two or more people to
establish common ground on the
topic at hand.
The most effective communication
is through face-to-face
conversation
Comunication dimension
43
Purposes of extension
- Emancipatory extension
- Formative extension
- Informative extension
- Persuasive extension
44
- Educational dimensions and
behavioral dimensions are
inseparable.
- A person’s behavior consists of
three parts: knowledge, skills, and
attitude
Behavioral dimension
45
The transfer of technology to those
who need it as a core of the
problem.
Technology dimension
45
______________ is defined as the process
of technology transfer. Therefore,
“technology” is an inseparable
aspect of the expansion process.
Expansion
45
The research and promotion
process is mutually beneficial. Only
when the research results are out
into practice can they become
meaningful.
Research dimension
45
- Inputs are required in all fields,
including home sciences, agriculture,
and related disciplines.
- Organizing the necessary inputs for each client
becomes subjective, appropriate interventions
can be provided for the availability of inputs.
- Providing input and knowledge at the right
time can change a village, neighborhood, region,
state, and country.
Inputs dimension
45
Tangible and intangible
Inputs dimension
45
Citing Samantha (1992), Jirli
(2016) defines extension
management as the process of
combining and coordinating
people, technology, job tasks,
and other resources to
effectively achieve extension
goals of agricultural
development. Dividing the
administration into three parts
allows for a better
understanding of the
administration.
Management dimension
45
- Based on the efforts of extension
professionals, the income level
should change.
- From the expansion dimension
above, we can see that we are using
research, technology and
investment, so revenues will
inevitably follow.
Income dimension
45
As with other occupations,
expansion has the potential to
provide a livelihood for those who
choose to pursue it as a career.
Professional dimension
46
Three partd of management dimension
1. “manage’’ (Management)
2. “men” (Human resource)
3. “technically” (technical aspects)
Or program planning-detailed
operational plan that defines “what”
to do “why” (objectives, “who”
(staffing), “when” (timelines), and
“how much” (budget)
47
Essential elements of extension
1. Comunication
2. Intervention
3. Voluntary change
4. Targeting process
5. Profession
48
process of sending and receiving messages through channels which establish common meanings
between a source and a receiver.
Communication
49
process of manipulating existing social system to a condition deemed desirable by the
intervening party
Intervention
50
effectiveness of the extension program depends on the willingness of the people to be
persuaded to the extent to which they see extension as serving their interest and benefits. The
behavioral change should include changes in knowledge, attitude, skills, aspiration and practice
(KASAP).
Voluntary change
51
it may target group or individual participants and the kind of change it needs to effect (eg.
KASA) Knowledge, Attitudes, Skills and Aspiration. Targeting includes providing information to
people who could directly affect necessary change.
Targeting process
52
extension is employed by an agency or institution which provides an administrative structure
in its practice.
Profession
52
Seven (7) Serious Extension problems
in less Industrialized Countries
➢ Lack of adequate transport facilities for extension personnel
➢ Extension personnel lack training both extension methods and technical
➢ Inadequate teaching and communication equipment for extension work
➢ Extension personnel have many other task besides extension work
➢ Lack of essential technical aids, bulletins and demonstration materials
➢ No effective linkages between extension and research organizations
➢ Appropriate technology is not available for extension
53
Challenges to Philippine Extension
Specifically, Philippine extension is faced;
➢with lack of national agenda and framework,
➢inadequate support services,
➢poor institutional linkages particularly between research and extension and logistics support level from local government.
➢bring together the best that people can input into technology design, adaptation and dissemination on one end, and the best that technology systems can offer especially for the resource-poor.
53
Conditions for Extension to Evolve
➢ information has been assembled, systematized, and made available on good or progressive or new agricultural practices suited to a particular environment, and is based on either (or both) the accumulation of experience of findings from research.
➢ information is used to educate professional agriculturists who may further enlarge or refine this body of knowledge or become active promoters and disseminators of it.
➢ an appropriate administrative or organizational structure exist by and within which the dissemination activities may be established and conducted.
➢Fourth, there is a legislative or some other official mandate or influential proponent which prescribes or enables that agricultural extension work is desirable and must occur.
➢ Fifth, there are invariably a variety of antecedents which have attempted protoforms of agricultural information and advice dissemination.
54
first condition for extension to evolve
The prime condition is that information has been assembled, systematized, and made available on good or progressive or new agricultural practices suited to a particular environment, and is based on either (or both) the accumulation of experience of findings from research.
55
second condition for extension to evolve
Second, this information is used, among other things, to educate professional agriculturists who may further enlarge or refine this body of knowledge or become active promoters and disseminators of it.
56
third condition for extension to evolve
Third, an appropriate administrative or organizational structure exist by and within which the dissemination activities may be established and conducted.
56
fourth condition for extension to evolve
Fourth, there is a legislative or some other official mandate or influential proponent which prescribes or enables that agricultural extension work is desirable and must occur.
57
fifth condition for extension to evolve
Fifth, there are invariably a variety of antecedents which have attempted protoforms of agricultural information and advice dissemination.
58
Who does extension in developing countries?
- NGOs
- Private sector
- Government
Organization/Agency
- SUC’s,
Agricultural
Universities/
State
Universities/
Colleges
59
Philippine Agriculturists Act,
Republic Act No. 12215, signed on May 29, 2025
60
regulates the agriculture profession by creating a Professional Regulatory Board of Agriculture under the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC). It mandates licensure exams for practitioners, sets minimum salary grades for government agriculturists (SG-13), and promotes professional development to improve agricultural standards.
Philippine Agriculturists act
61
Formative extension is also known as
Human resource development or capacity building
62
Its ultimate goal is to change people’s
knowledge, skills and attitudes to
broaden their horizons of thought.
Educational dimension
Agricultural Extension
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