1
Q
Sugars (Monomer)
A
Monosaccharides
2
Q
Sugars (Polymer)
A
Polysaccharides
3
Q
Sugars (Linkage Type)
A
Glycosidic Linkage
4
Q
Lipids (Monomer)
A
Fatty Acids
5
Q
Lipids (Polymer)
A
Triacylgylcerols
6
Q
Lipids (Linkage Type)
A
Ester Linkage
7
Q
Proteins (Monomer)
A
Amino Acids
8
Q
Proteins (Polymer)
A
Polypeptides
9
Q
Proteins (Linkage Type)
A
Peptide Bonds
10
Q
Nucleic Acids (Monomer)
A
Nucleotides
11
Q
Nucleic Acids (Polymer)
A
Polynucleotides
12
Q
Nucleic Acids (Linkage Type)
A
Phosphodiester Linkage
13
Q
What are the different types of proteins?
A
Enzymatic, Defensive, Storage, Transport
14
Q
How are monosaccharides classified?
A
The location of the carbonyl group(aldose or ketose), the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton, spatial arrangement of carbons
15
Q
What are the 3 specific chemical properties of R-groups?
A
- Non-polar- equal distribution of electrons
- Polar- unequal distribution of electrons
- Charged- acidic or basic
16
Q
Describe the 4 structures of proteins.
A
- The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure, found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
- Tertiary structure is determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups)
- Quaternary structure results when a protein consists of multiple polypeptide chains
17
Q
The loss of a protein’s native structure is called?
A
Denaturation
18
Q
Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins are called?
A
Chaperonins
19
Q
Describe the structure of a nucleotide.
A
Its consists of a nitrogenous base. a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
20
Q
What is a nucleoside made up of?
A
Nitrogenous base + sugar
21
Q
What are the two families of nitrogenous bases and describe them.
A
- Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single six-membered ring
- Purines (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
22
Q
Define Emergent Properties.
A
Are do to the arragnement and interactionns of parts within a system. The can emerge at each level in the biological hierachy.
23
Q
What are the two approaches to study biology?
A
- Systems Biology- Studies combination of components that function together.
- Reductionism- reduction of complex systems to simplier components that are easier to study
24
Q
What are the activites a cell must perform to sustain life?
A
- Homeostasis- regualtion of the internal environmetn to maintain a constant state
- Organization-being structurally composed of one or more cells
- Metabolism- transformation of energy by converting chemicals and energy into cellular components (Anabolism) and decomposing organic matter (Catobolism)
- Growth- Maintenance of a higher rate of anabolism than catabolism
- Adaption- The ability to change over a period of time in response to the environment
- Response to Stimuli- a respone can be in many forms; chemotaxis (contraction of unicellular organism to external chemicals) & motion (complex reactions involiving all the senses of multicellular organims
- Reproduction- ability to produce new individual organims, asexually or sexually
25
How do we study life?
* **_Discovery science_-** observe and descibe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasioning to draw conclusions
* **_Hypothesis-Based Science_**- based on observations, scientists propose hypothesis that to lead to predictions
26
What **four elements** are 96% of living matter made up of?
1. Nitrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Carbon
4. Hydrogen
## Footnote
**NOCH**
27
Name the three subatomic particles, their charge, location in an atom, and mass.
1. **Proton**- positive charge, atomic nucleus, approx. 1 dalton
* #protons = atomic #
2. **Neutron**- no charge, atomic nuclues, approx. 1 dalton
* varies in isotopes
3. **Electon**- negative charge, cloud around atomic nucleus, approx. 0
* confer chemical characteristics
28
Define ***electronegativity*** and describe which elements are more likely to be electronegative.
* **Electronegativity**- how likely an atom will take or give an electron
Elements more towards the right side of the periodic table are more likely to be electronegative because they only need one atom to complete their *valence shell.*
29
What is are fatty acids composed of?
A carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to hydrocarbon skeleton.
30
What is hydrogenation?
The process of converting unsaturated fats by adding H+
* Consequence: artificial hydrogenation creates trans bouble bonds
31
Describe the structure of a **phospholipid.**
* Two fatty acid tails, non polar and *hydrophobic*
* Phosphate group attached to a gyrcerol, polar and *hydrophilic*
* sponatneuosly form a bilayer w/ the fatty tails inside
32
\_\_\_\_ are the major constituents of cell memebranes.
Phospholipids
33
What are the important roles of **steriods**?
* Maintenance of animal cell memebranes
* Maintenance of blood chemistry
* Signaling/ gene expression
34
How do you classify an amino acid's r group as *charged, polar,* or *nonpolar*? And describe each one.
* Charged R- groups are either basic or acidic
* _acidic r-groups_ contain; ***_-COOH (carboxyl)_*** which is the loss of a proton
* _basic r-gropus_ contain; ***_-NH2 (amino)_*** which forms to NH3 when it gains a proton
* _Polar R-groups_ contain highly electronegative atoms such as ***_oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur_***
* _Non Polar R-groups_ contain mostly carbon and hydrogen (***_hydrocarbons_***) and also sometimes ***nitrogen & sulfur***
35
How can protein structures be solved?
* x-ray crystollgraphy
* nuclear magnetic
* computer algorithms
36
What is the difference between the deoxyribose sugar and the ribose sugar?
Deoxyribose sugar is missing an oxygen at the 2' carbon while ribose has hydrogen and oxygen at the 2' carbon.
37
\_\_\_\_\_is a substance that can't be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
Element
38
What is the smallest unit of matter that retains properties of life?
An atom
39
What is an isotope?
An unstable form of an atom that occurs when it gains extra neutrons.
40
Describe the difference between a cationa and an anion.
A *cation* is postively charged while an *anion* is negatively charged.
41
Define **hydrogen bonds**.
When a hydrogen covalently bonds to an electronegative atom that is attracted to another electronegative atom.
(relatively weak bonds)
42
How do you tell the pH balance from [H+}?
By looking at whatever negative exponent it has.
43
What are the emergent properties of water that make life possible?
* **Cohesion**- hydrogen bodns holds H2O together and to other polar or charged molecules
* **Adhesion**- an attraction between different substances
* Surface Tension
* Ability to moderate temperature
* Expasion upon freezing
* Evaporative Cooling
* Universal Solvent
44
Why is Carbon considered the backbone of life?
Because it create four bonds.
45
What four ways can carbon backbones vary?
1. Length
2. Branching
3. Double Bonds
4. Rings
46
What is the difference between *cis* isomers and *trans* isomers?
Cis isomers occur on side, while trans isomers occurs on opposite sides.
47
Describe the hydroxyl group.
* -OH
* considered alcohols
* polar
48
Describe the carbonyl group.
*
49
Describe the carboxyl.
* -COOH
* acidic
50
Describe the amino group.
* -NH2
* basic
51
Describe the sulfhydryl group.
* -SH
* polar
52
Describe the phosphate group.
* -O=POOO
* glycerol phosphate
53
Describe the methyl group.
* -CH3
* acidic
54
Biological Science 2010
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