anatomy
the study of bodily structure and the relationships between different structures
physiology
the study of human function (function reflects structure)
exercise physiology
the study of how body structure and function are altered by exposure to exercise
physical activity
any body movement resulting from muscular action that increases energy expenditure
exercise
planned, structured, repetitive and purposeful increase in physical exertion
physical activity epidemiology
study of the occurrence of illness related to physical (in)activity
acute exercise
a single bout of exercise
-changes in physiological function allow for immediate responses specific to the activity being performed
chronic exercise (adaptations to exercise training)
a change in physiological function that occurs when the body is exposed to repeated exercise bouts over a period of time of weeks or months
-allows for improved exercise capacity to increase performance ability
aerobic exercise
light to high intensity exercise lasting for an extended period of time while utilizing oxygen as the energy generating process
resistance training
any exercise that causes the muscles to contract against an external resistance with the expectation of increases in muscle strength, tone, mass and endurance
static exercise
an isometric form of exercise requiring a holding position or very little movement at high intensities
dynamic exercise
recurrent and substantial body movements to keep the muscles moving and often including concentric and eccentric contractions
steady state exercise
- a state obtained at a continuous moderate intensity exercise
- exercising at the same intensity
- when the removal of lactic acid by oxidation keeps pace with its production
non steady state
- bouts of high and low-mod intensity that keep changing HR
- interval training
graded exercise intensity
- severe = very short duration
- vigorous/heavy = short duration
- moderate = moderate duration
- mild = long duration
homeostasis
- active maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes
- dynamic equilibrium with oscillation around a set point
- receptor detects change, info sent along afferent pathway to control center
- info sent along efferent pathway to effector
- response of effector feeds back to return to homeostasis
exercise and homeostasis
- exercise = disruption to homeostasis
- acute exercise: sweating, increase in HR
- chronic adaptations: lower BP, lower RHR
integrated physiological function
-whole body, systemic responses results from the sum of all cellular processes
stroke volume
- the amount of blood ejected per heart beat
- chronic adaptation to exercise = increase in SV (can pump same amount of blood with fewer beats, same amount of O2 = fewer beats)
components of homeostatic reflex mechanism
1) stimulus
2) receptor
3) afferent pathway
4) control center
5) efferent pathway
6) effector
7) response
