UNIT 1 Flashcards

Question

The Different Roles of the Listener 3) The Listener Functions as an Sd and MO for Verbal Bx

Answer 1

- The listener, as an essential part of the situation in which VB is observed is a Discriminative stimulus - "This function is to distinguished from the action of the listener in reinforcing Bx"

Answer 2

"VB would be pointless if a listener did nothing more than reinforce the speaker for "The action which a listener takes with respect to the verbal response is often more imp to the speaker than generalized Rx

Answer 3

1) Nonverbal respondent BX 2) Nonverbal Operant Bx 30 Verbal Bx

Answer 4

- Among the special effects of verbal Bx are the emotional reactions of the listener - If a verbal stimulus accompanies some state of affairs which is the unconditioned or previously conditioned stimulus for an emotional reaction the verbal stimulus eventually evokes this reaction

Answer 5

- Listener Compliances - Listener Discrimination - Listener Responding by function, feature and class - These e.g. remind us of the fact that the Bx of listener is essentially Verbal. The listener reacts to a verbal stimulus whether with conditioned reflexes or discriminated operant Bc as he reacts to any feature of the Env

Answer 6

- "In many imp instances the listener is also Behaving at the same time as a Speaker" - "An imp fact about Verbal Bx is that the speaker & Listener may reside within the same Skin" - "Some of the Bx of Listening resembles the Bx of speaking, particularly when the speaker "Understands" what is said" - Much of what is Traditionally called "Listening" is Covert verbal Bx, consisting of all the Verbal Operants

Answer 7

- Skinner's Restricted use of "Listener" - Necessary for a verbal episode (even when the speaker is his own listener) - Discriminative stimulus & MO for VB (audience) - Mediator of RX for the speaker (consequence) - Nonverbal "action" (respondent Bx (emotion), Operant Bx (Receptive language)) - When Skinner says 'very little of the Bx of the listener is Worth distinguishing as Verbal"

Answer 8

- Excluded from Skinner's use of Listener - Verbal BX ("Listener" becomes a covert speaker) - As a covert speaker all the Verbal Operants are Possible - When Skinner says "Linguists & Psycholinguists are primarily concerned with the Bx of the Listener"

Answer 9

- Excluded from Skinner's use of "Listener" - VB ("listener" becomes a covert speaker) - As a Covert speaker all the verbal operants are Possible - When Skinner says "Linguists & Psycholinguists are primarily concerned with the BX of the listener", it's tis covert VB that they are interested in

Answer 10

- Wat aspects of the listener are Missing from Verbal BX? - Skinner conceded in his 1989 paper "The BX of the Listener" that indeed the book VB contained "Little direct discussion of Listening" - A detailed analysis of wat is traditionally called "Receptive language" is missing

Answer 11

- There is not a Systematic analysis of Verbal stimulus control over nonverbal Operant Bx - Similar to the type of analysis found for Mand, Tact, Intraverbal etc & their controlling variables - More specifically, an Analysis of Verbal conditional discriminative stimuli (CSdS) that evoke nonverbal Bxs is missing - Skinner did talk about the "Compound verbal stimulus" in relation to the intraverbal - Catania identified the importance of verbal conditional discriminations to all of Verbal Bx

Answer 12

b) The implication that they are merely different manifestation of the same underlying cognitive process

Answer 13

b) An audience, a person who consequates VB, & one who takes respondent & verbal action

Answer 14

d) Redefine the role of the listener as comprised of several different repertoires

Answer 15

c) An interaction btw a speaker and a listener

Answer 16

a) Mediating RX

Answer 17

d) Serving as an audience that evokes verbal BX

Answer 18

b) Emits verbal & nonverbal Bx as well as respondent Bx

Answer 19

b) Much of wat is traditionally called listener Bx is actually covert verbal Bx

Answer 20

c) Mediating VB, serving as an audience for verbal Bx & emitting respondent & nonverbal action

Answer 21

a) What is identified as receptive language, or the nonverbal Bx emitted by a listener

Answer 22

-Verbal CSd: Two components of a verbal antecedent where one verbal stimulus Alters the evocative effect of the second verbal stimulus and collectively they evoke a differential response For E.g. Touch a food..., Touch a Hot Food..., Touch a breakfast food -Children with autism often have a difficult time acquiring Bx Controlled by verbal CSds, especially as the components grow beyond 2 -(Verbal CSd are also the main sources of control for most intraverbal Bx)

Answer 23

- VB CSds comprise a Significant component of the antecedent variables for listener Bx & constitute an excellent & Needed area of Research - For e.g. - Listener discriminations - Listener Responding by Functions, Feature and Class - Autoclitic relations - Rule governed Bx - However at the current time there is very little behavioral research on multiple component Verbal conditional discrimination

Answer 24

c) A verbal stimulus and a nonverbal response

Answer 25

- Generalization - "If a response is reinforced upon a given occasion or class of occasions, any Feature of that occasion or common to that class appears to Gain some measure of Control - A novel stimulus possessing one such feature may evoke a response - There are several ways in which a Novel stimulus may resemble a stimulus previously present when a response was reinforced & hence there are several types of what we may call "extended tacts"

Answer 26

- Skinner distinguished btw 4 types of extended tacts Generic, Metaphoric. Metonymic and Solistic - The distinction is based on the degree to which a novel stimulus shares the relevant or irrelevant Features of the original stimulus - In Generic Extension the Novel stimulus shares All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus - In Metaphorical Extension the novel stimulus shares some, but not all of the relevant features of the Original stimulus - In Metonymical extension the responses to novel stimuli have None of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant but related feature has acquired stimulus Control

Answer 27

- Finally, a Solistic Extension occurs when - "The property which gains control of the response is only Distantly related to the defining properties upon which standard reinforcements are contingent or is similar to that property for irrelevant reasons.....Most verbal communities not only Fail to respond effectively to such extension but provide some sort of Punishment for them"

Answer 28

- Part 1 & 2 of book VB provides the reader with the defining features of elementary Verbal Operants & many e.g. of these operants - Part 3, 4 & 5 focus on how to use these operants to Analyze complex VB - Any given sample of VB esp those involving Verbal exchanges btw speakers & listeners contains a multitude of functional Relations btw antecedents, Bx & consequences - The functional units of Echoics, Mands, Tacts, Intraverbal & Textual relations from the Formalities of VB analysis

Answer 29

- 2 facts emerge from our survey of the basic functional relations 1) Strength of a single Response maybe & usually is, a function of more than 1 variable & 2) A single Variable usually affects more than 1 response - Micheal identifies conditions where the strength of a single Verbal response is a function of more than 1 variable as "Convergent multiple control" - Convergent multiple control can be observed in almost all instances of VB - MO nonverbal stimuli & verbal stimuli freq share Antecedent control over VB

Answer 30

- The 2nd type of multiple control identified by Skinner occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than just one response - "Just as a given stimulus word will evoke a large # of different responses from a sample of the population at large, it increases the probability of emission of many responses in a single speaker - Micheal identifies this type of control "Divergent Multiple Control"

Answer 31

- Much of Early VB is multiply controles - Mand-tact - Multiple control can help to Evoke target Bx in language training procedures - Mand + Tact + Echoic - Most ongoing VB is multiply controlled - Intraverbal & tact freq combine

Answer 32

- Many eg of multiple control can be found in entertainment, literature, poetry, novels etc - Michael points out that "The effects of multiple variables on the Bx of a listener play a role in our Enjoyment of esthetic and humorous aspects of VB

Answer 33

a) Generalization

Answer 34

b) All of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

Answer 35

d) Some of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

Answer 36

c) An irrelevant feature of the original stimulus

Answer 37

b) None of the relevant or defining features of the original stimulus

Answer 38

a) A single response maybe a function of more than one variable

Answer 39

a) The strength of a single response is a function of more than one variable

Answer 40

c) When a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than just one response

Answer 41

b) Play a role in our enjoyment of esthetic & humorous aspects of VB

Answer 42

- A significant amount of our day to day VB is controlled in part by private stimulation - E.g. What is commonly referred to as "Thinking" involves stimuli arising from within an organism, the analysis of this type of stimulation & how it acquires stimulus control is Complex - Skinner identifies 2 prob that are related to the analysis of VB controlled by private stimuli. First, " the investigator cannot readily Point to the Stimuli to which he must appeal in predicting & controlling BX" - 2nd "The problem of privacy cannot be fully solved by Instrumental invasion of the organism. No matter how clearly these internal events maybe exposed in the Lab, the fact remains that in the normal verbal episode they are quite Pvt"

Answer 43

- B.F. Skinner's philosophical view Radical Behaviorism, concerns the treatment of private stimuli. 1) BX is a function of the Env - any event in the universe capable of affecting the organism 2) But part of the universe is enclosed within the organism's own skin 3) Some Stimuli or MOs may, therefore, be related to BX in a unique way. The individual's response to an inflamed tooth.

Answer 44

4) But we need not suppose tht Private events have Special properties for that reason. They maybe distinguished by their limited accessibility but not, so far as we know, by any special structure/nature. Interoceptive & proprioceptive stimuli are just stimuli, like exteroceptive stimuli. The only Difference is that exteroceptive stimuli can affect more than 1 person in approx the same way

Answer 45

5) We acquire VB under control of Public stimuli by the reactions of others to our BX in the presence of those stimuli. We also acquire VB controlled by Private stimuli where others cannot make Direct contact with those stimuli. We tact itches, pains, nausea etc. How is it accomplished?

Answer 46

6) 4 ways: 2 involving Indirect contact with the Pvt stimuli (common public accompaniment & collateral response): Two involving Direct contact with stimuli that are first public but still control VB when they become Private (common properties and response reduction)

Answer 47

- Occurs when an observable stimulus Accompanies a private stimulus. For e.g. a father may observe a child bump his head on a table while chasing a ball - The Public stimuli are available to the father, but not the private and more salient painful stimuli experienced by the child. The father can assume the child is experienced Pain & may say ouch or you hurt urself. In this way, the father is using the bump (observable stimulus) as an opportunity to develop VB under the stimulus control of a pvt stimulus

Answer 48

* Parents also teach their children to Tact their Pvt stimuli by using Collateral responses that Reliably occur with Private Stimuli - The Same Training procedures with public accompaniment can be used with collateral responses (echoic to tact transfer)

Answer 49

- The Next 2 procedures use Public stimuli to establish Tacting of PVT events - Common Properties: involve Public stimuli, but in a Different way. - A speaker may learn to tact temporal, geometrical or descriptive properties of objects & then Generalize those tact relations to PVT stimuli - As Skinner (1957) noted "Most of the vocab of emotion is metaphorical in nature. When we describe internal states as 'agitated', depressed, or ebullient certain geometrical, temporal & intensive properties have produced a metaphorical extension of responses

Answer 50

- Respondent Reduction: Most speakers learn to tact features of their Own bodies such as movements & positions. The Kinesthetic stimuli arising from the movement & positions can acquire control over the Verbal responses - When movements shrink in size the Kinesthetic stimuli may remain sufficiently similar to those resulting from the overt movements that the learner's tact occurs as an instance of stimulus Generalization

Answer 51

3) Private events

Answer 52

a) An observable stimulus occurs along with a private stimulus

Answer 53

2) An observable BX occurs along with a PVT stimulus

Answer 54

c) Particular properties of a public stimulus generalize to those of a PVT stimulus

Answer 55

d) Overt movements shrink in size & become covert

Answer 56

a) Must be accounted for in the analysis of Bx

Answer 57

-"Part of Bx of an Organism becomes in turn 1 of the variables Controlling another part. There are a-tleast 2 systems of responses, 1 based upon the other. The upper level can Only be understood in terms of its relation to the lower level"

Answer 58

- A theme throughout VB is that a speaker can & often does, function as his/her own listener - "Converting the speaker into an interested Bystander is certainly the direction in which an analysis of Bx will 1st move" - The term "autoclitic" is intended to suggest (verbal) Bx which is based upon/depends upon Other VB - In common sense terms the autoclitic is verbal Bx about a speaker's own VB - "Autoclitic Bx is concerned with practical action/with responses on the part of the listener" - Autoclitic Bx increases the probability that the listener will behave Appropriately

Answer 59

- There are always 2 related, but separate 3-term Contingencies to analyze in autoclitic relations - Skinner identified these 2 levels of verbal Bx as a "Standard relation" & "an Autoclitic relation" - Micheal (1992) suggested that these 2 levels of VB be identified as Primary verbal operants (standard relation) & Secondary verbal operants (Autoclitic relations)

Answer 60

The Primary verbal operants are - Mand - Tact - Echoic (copying a text) - Intraverbal - Textual - Transcription

Answer 61

-Peterson (1978) suggested that Secondary Verbal BX be identified (or sub-divided) as either "autoclitic tacts" or "autoclitic mands" depending on the Source of control relevant to the specific autoclitic to be analyzed

Answer 62

-The autoclitic tact "Informs the listener" with respect to some nonverbal aspect of the primary response (including its controlling variables) and is therefore controlled by nonverbal stimuli

Answer 63

- Autoclitic Tact - Child tacts the Controlling variables of his own VB - I see - Child tacts that it is visual Sd of Mommy is the source of control for the primary tact "mommy" - I Think: Child tacts Weakness of the nonverbal source of control & its relation to the primary tact "Mommy" - "I Hear": Child tacts that it is an Auditory Sd of Mommy that is the source of control for the primary tact "Mommy"

Answer 64

-Autoclitic responding is Shaped by listeners in several ways for e.g., if a father is wrapping a gift for his child's mother & the child nearby says, "mommy", the father may mand to the child to identify the source of control for the response, "mommy" as in, "Did you see her?"

Answer 65

- The father may Differentially respond to "I see" indicating that clearly "Mommy" is a Tact and the gift should be hidden, rather than just a mand for mommy, in which case it is okay to keep wrapping the Gift - It could also be that the source of Control for the Response "mommy" is the gift, as in "That is for Mommy. The autoclitic "That is for" informs the listener that the exact source of nonverbal control for the primary tact "mommy" is the gift & the father can continue wrapping

Answer 66

"An autoclitic affects the listener by indicating either a property of the Speaker's Bx or the Circumstances responsible for that Property" -The autoclitic mand "enjoins the listener" ti behave in some way with respect to the primary response & is controlled by MOs

Answer 67

- Autoclitic mands occur frequently to manipulate listener Bx in ways Reinforcing to a particular speaker - In the Autoclitics mand there is some specific MO that is controlling the secondary response

Answer 68

- Autoclitic mands are Ubiquitos, but since the sources of control are pvt it is difficult for a listener to Tact the fact that MOs are controlling the VB - "Hidden Agendas" often reveal themselves to a careful observer who identifies the autoclitic mands that may accompany primary verbal BX

Answer 69

A primary intraverbal such as an Ans to a ques about the sales of a particular product may contain an autoclitic Mand such as "I'm sure you will be pleased with the sales" where " I'm sure you will be pleased" is controlled by the same MO that might control the response "Don't ask me for any details about the sales"

Answer 70

-The distinction btw what is, and what is not autoclitic Bx, is often difficult, but cannot be made on the Basis of the response firm alone (a major theme in the analysis of all verbal Bx)

Answer 71

a) Part of the Bx of an organism becomes in turn one of the variables controlling another part

Answer 72

b) The speaker & listener are within the same skin

Answer 73

d) The listener

Answer 74

b) Primary verbal operants & secondary verbal operants

Answer 75

3) All the elementary verbal operants

Answer 76

a) Autoclitic mands or autoclitic tacts

Answer 77

c) The nonverbal stimuli related to the primary verbal operant

Answer 78

a) What exactly controlled a speaker's response

Answer 79

b) Some type of motivation (MO) related to the primary response

Answer 80

-The response "I see" may not be autoclitic at all if it is actually a primary response acquired as a Unit as in "I see mommy"

Answer 81

-The speaker may not be Tacting the fact that they are, for e.g. seeing vs. hearing the nonverbal source of stimulus control, but emitting the Whole response as a primary tact without any autoclitic activity

Answer 82

- Skinner lists hundreds of e.g of responses that could be autoclitic in chap 12, 13, 14 However functional relations of any type cannot be identified by Form alone. It is very easy to misread all of these e.g.s as autoclitic controlling variables are present - Another group of autoclities describe the state of Strength of a response. I guess, I estimate, I believe, I imagine and I surmise - Another group: I agree, I confess, I expect, I concede, I infer, I predict, I dare say, I must say, i admit, I reply, I should say and I mean to say

Answer 83

-Early language learners do not emit much autoclitic Bx. Skinner is clear on this point: "It is only wen Verbal Operants of the sort discussed in part II have been established in Strength that the speaker finds himself subject to the additional contingencies which establish autoclitic Bx. Thus autoclitic training should probably Not be a part of an early language intervention prog

Answer 84

c) As a single response

Answer 85

d) The response form alone

Answer 86

a) should only be conducted after they have acquired a strong repertoire of primary verbal operants

Answer 87

"Verbal responses are described & manipulated by the speaker with appropriate Autoclitics which argument & sharpen the effect upon the listener. They are also often examined for their effect upon the speaker or prospective listener & then either rejected/released. This process of Editing is an additional Activity of the speaker

Answer 88

"A response which has been emitted in Overt form maybe recalled or revoked by an additional response" (p 369) "Subvocal Bx can, ofcourse, be revoked before it has been emitted Audibly" -"Much of the self-stimulation required in the autoclitic description & composition of VB seems to occur Prior to even subaudible Emission (371) -"In both written & vocal Bx changes are made on the spur of the moment & so Rapidly that we cannot reasonably attribute them to actual review of the Covert forms -The subject is a difficult 1 cuz it has all the disadv of private stimulation -"A speaker usually rejects a response cuz it has been Punished"

Answer 89

- "Verbal BX maybe objectionable to the listener simply as noise" - "VB is frequently punished cuz of deficient stimulus control" - The Effects of Punishment: Concealing the identity of the speaker, Recession to the covert level, talking to one's self, Disguised speech.

Answer 90

-"One form of editing which involves an obvious process of review & revision consists of emitting the response but Qualifying it with an autoclitic which Reduces the threat of Punishment"

Answer 91

"The Automatic reinforcement of verbal Bx also pays a role in the process of editing" -"Many other Positive Consequences come into play when VB is produced to satisfy specifications"

Answer 92

"The Production of Raw VB following the principles outlined in parts II & III comes 1st. Autoclitic responses or activities part IV then occur. The resulting Bx may not immediately reach the Ultimate listener. Cuz of Punishment of other BX it maybe held up for review by the speaker or writer. Changes occur in the act of Review which lead to rejection, to emission in a qualified form, of full-fledged emission. Often the process is not complete until the emission. Often the process is not complete until the Speaker has resorted to other activities to produce alternative forms of responses.

Answer 93

"VB is not always subject to the review discussed in the last chap (384) - Defective feedback - Defective self-observation - Defective responses to controlling variables - Automatic VB

Answer 94

"In the process of composition & editing the speaker arranges, qualifies, withholds or releases VB which already exists in some strength in his Repertoire"

Answer 95

c) An additional activity of the speaker

Answer 96

a) Is objectionable to the listener

Answer 97

d) A speaker concealing his identity

Answer 98

c) Automatic reinforcement

Answer 99

- There are multiple variables involved in self-editing & it is perhaps one of the most Complex types of verbal Behavior - There are different Contingencies in effect for the many different e.g of unedited VB presented by Skinner (1957) - A functional analysis of VB can be used to identify the different contingencies

Answer 100

- One type of History & current E.O results in wat might be identified as a speaker who "cares" about appropriate & effective verbal behavior reaching a specific listener * Can Be Defined as: BX evoked, in part by an EO involving a high value of Positive Listener responses to VB due to a particular Conditioning history - For e.g., A Speaker who Teaches parents basic Bx modification cares about the way his listeners react to his VB cuz he has a strong EO for producing certain positive effects on the listener due to his conditioning history

Answer 101

- Some speaker emit Socially inappropriate or ineffective VB as a result of their particular conditioning history & their current EOs. These speakers maybe classified as "Not Caring: about their VB producing positive effects on a specific listener - "Not Caring": BX evoked by an EO related to a high value of negative listener reaction due to a specific conditioning history, or VB evoked by a discriminative stimulus, without an EO variable related to positive listener reaction, also due to a particular conditioning history

Answer 102

-A speaker who emits racial slurs doesn't care about a positive reaction from the targeted listener, but may care about the listener reaction from a group of peers. The person of a different race & the presence of a peer group may be stimuli in the presence of which particular responses have a history of RX

Answer 103

-The EO related to this reinforcement maybe strong at that particular moment. It is also possible that the speaker is RX by the negative reaction of the listener to who, the slur is directed

Answer 104

-A speaker who can & does Tact his own VB the sources of control for his VB & a listener's response to his Bx, maybe classified as being "Aware" of the effects of his VB on listeners

Answer 105

"We are aware of wat we are doing when we can describe the Topography of our Bx. We are aware of why we are doing it when we describe the relevant variables, such as the imp aspects of the occasion of the RX" -For e.g. an Aware speaker may Tact the fact tht listeners are looking away him & attending to other stimuli, he may then engage in certain types of sell-editing that may Alter the Listener Bx

Answer 106

-Some speakers, However, Do Not tact the Contingencies related to their VB & are not under good Audience stimulus control. These Speakers maybe classified as being "Unaware" of the effects of their VB

Answer 107

This Failure to Tact one's own Bx & the variables of which it is a function -For e.g., a person who has consumed large amounts of alcohol may fail to Tact the fact that his VB is Loud, Offensive & Socially inappropriate. In addition the typical consequences, which reduce the probability of such Bx under other circumstances are ineffective

Answer 108

- Intraverbal sequences that are "Hard to Follow" - Mands for irrelevant or Odd info - Not getting to the point - Weak public speaking repertoire - Weak Intraverbals - Weal Mands for info - Weak Autoclitics

Answer 109

-These speakers have an EO to be effective & Know that they are often not good speakers. This week Repertoire may produce Emotional by-products often identified as low self-esteem, shyness, low self-concept or social phobias, lack of confidence or have personal interaction prob. They may emit defensive VB such as "I'm not making myself clear" or "I know I'm not saying this well"

Answer 110

- These speakers may have a history involving too much Punishment & not enough RX - Their EO for effective VB is strong - Their Basic Intraverbal repertoire & self-editing repertoire maybe weak or defective

Answer 111

-Of the 4 different groups presented in this classification, this group seems to be the Most likely to seek treatment, & have a successful treatment outcome. Intervention strategies are Plentiful. Skinner describes several techniques for teaching a willing participant to edit their own VB

Answer 112

- "A person who has been 'made Aware of himself" is in a better position to predict & control his own Bx - However, "Sustained awareness can be a disadvantage. There is no reason why we should scrutinize every response we make, or examine every occasion upon which we respond"

Answer 113

- Uncontrolled intraverbal Bx in the form of idle chatter - Useless tasting of commonplace stimuli - High Rate of Mands - Dominates a conversation - "Never shuts up" - Too loud & noisy - Exaggerating - Excessive repetition - A rasping tone - Undue sibilance - Heavy alliteration - Heavy use of cliches - Singsong - Too obvious - Too commonplace - Shopworn - Lots of Bad jokes

Answer 114

- Insufficient punishment history - Differential Rx history - MO for listener attention - Automatic Rx - Defective audience control - Defective stimulus control - Failure to Tact own Bx - Weak listener repertoires - Strong intraverbal & mand repertoires - Failure to emit appropriate autoclitcs

Answer 115

- Typically, punishment reduces this Bx (skinner) but there may not be Enough Punishment along with too much differential Rx & a strong EO for attention - They maybe automatically reinforced by their Own VB - They may have weak Listener repertoires or weal Eos for the other person's point of view, areas of interest or Eos - They may Fail to Tact the effects of their VB on their listeners, hence fail to emit the appropriate autoclitic Bx of self-editing Bx to decrease the aversive effects of their VB - All of these variables may Combine to evoke an excessive amount of VB

Answer 116

This population may not Seek treatment cuz they are "Unaware" that there is a prob, but intervention could be quite successful -Skinner suggests a potential intervention strategy for this group "A mere reduction of the relative freq of RX would reduce this activity but probably not to a reasonable level. The process of Extinction as employed in discrimination, brings VB under appropriate stimulus control, but the condition under which VB is reinforced are so extensive & so confusing tht something more is probably needed. The process of editing generated by Punishment greatly increases the appropriateness of VB to all features of an occasion, including the audience

Answer 117

- Insufficient punishment history - Insufficient reinforcement history - Excessive punishment history

Answer 118

- Speakers who fall in this category have a Unique Rx and Punishment history - The typical social punishers used by Verbal community have been ineffective & often a select Verbal community has provided differential Rx for the Offending VB, esp when directed towards others - These individuals maybe able to tact the effects of their Bxs on listeners, but they are reinforced by the negative reactions - Many children with dev disabilities are reinforced by reprimands & negative of listeners. Some ppl just like to piss other ppl off

Answer 119

- Speakers who emit this type of VB probably do not seek treatment cuz they do not feel as if anything is Wrong - They see the prob as being in the Listener who "can't take a joke' or is a Wimp - Therefore it maybe quite difficult to change this Bx cuz of the difficulty to Control the relevant contingencies

Answer 120

- Illogical rambling - Incoherent, mumbling - Delusional - Self-talk - Far-fetched intraverbal sequences..."Flight of ideas" - Odd mands

Answer 121

- Biological, medical, physiological - MR/MI/DD diagnosis - Drugs/alcohol - Sleep deprivation - Basic verbal & Social Skills deficits - All of above Environmental variables

Answer 122

- Speakers who emit this type of unedited verbal Bx don't care if they Offend their listeners - They don't care about the effects of their VB on others - The don't tact their own VB or the controlling variables - They may largely be their OWN listeners in that they are automatically reinforced by their own VB

Answer 123

- With the exception of children & some DD individuals, this group is not very Susceptible to intervention - Punishment is probably ineffective with this population

Answer 124

b) May have weak public speaking repertoires

Answer 125

d) Is often reinforced by negative reactions from others

Answer 126

a) Tends to dominate a conversation

Answer 127

b) May have some type of mental illness

Answer 128

"Self-editing is one step Beyond the Autoclitic. It is the Highest form of VB -Punishment seems to be the Main independent variable responsible for shaping self-editing Ofcourse RX also pays a role, as well as Eos, stimulus control, automatic & intermittent RX & the other behavioral principles

Answer 129

"Men act upon the world, & change it, & are changes imp turn by the consequences of their Action."

Answer 130

"Let me see you account for my BX as I site here saying.... | -Universal algebra

Answer 131

1) Biolinguistics 2) Cognitive Linguistics 3) Environmental (VB)

Answer 132

-Rules of language are Innate

Answer 133

-Mental processing underlies language

Answer 134

-Environmental contingencies establish language

Answer 135

- Receptive Vs Expressive - Focus on Form (parts of word: Phonemes, morphemes) - Effect on Listener

Answer 136

- Focus on Receptive Vs Expressive distinction | - Can break these down further using a VB approach

Answer 137

I.e., How does it Function? Env Conditions * A-B-C * Address language without referring to an underlying cognitive process

Answer 138

* To Skinner it implied: - Diff manifestations of same underlying cognitive process - Listener BX constituted language - "Understanding" essentially the same as "Expressing"

Answer 139

- BX Reinforced through the mediation of other persons - Verbal Episode: Speaker & (Trained) Listener - Description, then explanation

Answer 140

- Requisite component - SD/MO (Audience) - Consequates Speaker's BX - Takes action

Answer 141

- Listener Responding - "Receptive Language" - Listener Discriminations - Nonverbal Operant BX (Compliance/manded stimulus selection/Following instructions)

Answer 142

* Talking to yourself * Thoughts * Silently repeating what you hear * Self-editing

Answer 143

* Verbal responses very often are "Impure" Operants * 2 general types (Michael) - Convergent - Divergent

Answer 144

- Multiple variables that evoke the same response - MO = Pizza - Sight of item = Pizza

Answer 145

* Single antecedent tht can evoke diff responses | - sd "Hello" = Hi, How are you?, Great to see you!

Answer 146

- Multiple Control - Conditioning Discrimination - "What's your Mom's name?" - Entertainment, Humor, Art

Answer 147

- Generic - Metaphoric - Metonymal - Solistic

Answer 148

- Only 1 person has Access | - How, then, do we learn to talk about things when only 1 person is experiencing the stimulation?

Answer 149

- Public Accompaniment - Collateral Responses - Common Properties - Response Reduction

Answer 150

-Others can see an event happen or results (e.g. fall on sidewalk, tissue damage etc)

Answer 151

-Observable Bx that reliably occurs with Private stimuli (e.g. crying & holding area)

Answer 152

-Metaphorical extensions (e.g. Sharp pain; Tightness; etc)

Answer 153

-Once observaba response become covert (e.g. silent reading)

Answer 154

- Improves the precision of exchange - More efficient responding by listener - Layered 3-term contingencies - Not defined by Form

Answer 155

- Form is not as important as what is altered | - "I think", or "I hear" are not autoclitics unless we know what it does to the primary response

Answer 156

- Caring | - Aware

Answer 157

* What are we talking about when we say "Aware?" * Can Tact the full Contingency: - Own VB - Source of control - Listener's response

Answer 158

- EO for positive listener responses * "Not Caring" - EO for Negative responses, or AO for positive responses

Answer 159

- Too much editing, hard to follow, trouble "getting to the point" -> Weak verbal repertoire - Too much punishment history; high EO for effective VB, Receptive to TX, most likely to seek TX

Answer 160

- Negative, Punishing, Spoilers, Lies -> Offensive - Insufficient punishment history for inappropriate VB, excessive punishment history for appropriate VB; Insufficient Rx history (Not likely to seek Tx: don't think anything is wrong) -Uncaring means different motivating factors, thinks others can't take a joke

Answer 161

- Dominates conversation, idle chatter, Excessive repetition -> High rate of trivial VB - Insufficient punishment history; weak listener rep; own VB automatic; weak tact rep of other Bx (don't seek Tx, don't know it's a prob)

Answer 162

- Sleep deprivation, drugs, DD -> delusional, self-talk, illogical rambling - Medical, Medicinal, Diagnosis. Other than the DD population & children, not very susceptible to intervention

Answer 163

d) Whitehead; Chomsky

Answer 164

B) Cognitive

Answer 165

B. Processing Systems, Encoding

Answer 166

B) "Traditional" account

Answer 167

C. It implies same process underlies these different types of behavior

Answer 168

D) A listener response

Answer 169

D) All of the above

Answer 170

D) All of the above

Answer 171

A. Convergent Multiple Control

Answer 172

D) Solistic

Answer 173

B) Collateral Responses

Answer 174

D) Aware, Uncaring

Answer 175

A) Aware, Caring

Answer 176

- Reinforcement - Extinction - Punishment - Generalization - Discrimnation - Motivation

Answer 177

- VB is Bx i.e reinforced by the actions of another person - Verbal Bx acts upon the social world (cuz it effects the Bx of listener) - Skinner uses the same analysis & principles of Bx that he applied to nonverbal Bx - Analyze the env conditions tht control the Bx: A-B-C

Answer 178

- Form & Structure - Words & "Meaning" - Measure: Phonemes & Morphemes - Effect on Listener

Answer 179

- Functional * Unit of Analysis: Operant- A-B-C - Bx of the speaker

Answer 180

- Emits verbal response - The Bx: The person Speaking, Signing, Writing - Verbalizer

Answer 181

- Provides antecedents (SD) & con - Related to "receptive" language - Mediator - Nonverbal BX

Answer 182

-Someone who engraves in VB by emitting Mands, Tacts, Intraverbals, Autoclitics etc. A speaker is also someone who uses sign language, gestures, signals, written words, codes, pictures or any form of VB

Answer 183

-Someone who provides SR+ for VB. A listener may also serve as an audience evoking VB. The distinction btw listener & speaker is often blurred by the fact that much of a listener's Bx may involve becoming a speaker at the covert level. Often a speaker maybe his own listener

Answer 184

- Listener Bx, Mediator Bx, Receptive Response, Manded compliance or manned stimulus selection, non-verbal operant bx - There needs to be a speaker & listener in order for this Bx to occur - The listener is responding to the VB of a speaker - If there isn't a speaker then it is just non-verbal Bx

Answer 185

- The speaker can function as their own listener/audience! - Covert VB: thinking, understanding, prob solving, processing - All the verbal operants are possible - Linguists are concerned with the listener & wat words mean to them

Answer 186

- All instances of VB can be classified into Verbal Operants - Functional Units of lang A-B-C - Units of lang make up an individual's verbal repertoire - Functionally independent of each other - Each shares a common antecedent & consequence - Typical development: transfer across operants occurs rapidly & without direct teaching - Those w/ASD, transfer procedures are often required to teach verbal operants

Answer 187

- Skinner wrote tht Tact was most imp Operant | - Strong argument that mands are more imp

Answer 188

- Response directly benefits the speaker | - Learn something about the condition (MO) of the speaker

Answer 189

- Response benefits the listener - Learn something about the condition of the current env - Allows speaker to identify & describe features of his/her env

Answer 190

- Echoic, mimetic, copying a text - All have point-to-point correspondence & formal similarity - Mirrored responses - Imitation of words/sounds (echoic) - Imitation of Signs (mimetic) - Imitation of pic selection (mimetic) - Copying a text - They all have a verbal response & a response with pt-pt correspondence & formal similarity & have generalized rein

Answer 191

- Has pt-pt correspondence with an antecedent Verbal stimulus - Does not have Formal Similarity includes: 1) Textual (reading) 2) Diction (transcription) 3) Finger spelling words tht are heard

Answer 192

- Point to Point correspondence & no formal similarity - Verbal Stim -> B) Codic -> SR+ e. g. saying word "BX" in response to printed word "bx"

Answer 193

- Point to Point correspondence & No formal similarity | * Vocal Verbal STIM -> Spelling/writing -> SR+

Answer 194

-Responses can occur in multiple Operants & can be controlled by 1 or more stimuli & 1 or more consequences A) More than 1 STIM -> B) Verbal Res-> C: SR+

Answer 195

- Skinner provides a verbal Bx analysis of some of the most complex aspects of language including syntax & Grammar - Covered complex grammar (12-14) - Past & present tense verbs - Pronouns - Prepositions - Auxiliary verbs - Plurals

Answer 196

- Skinner differentiates the primary verbal operants, e.g. Mand, Tact, Intraverbal etc. from secondary verbal operants know as autoclitics - "The term autoclitics is intended to suggest Bx which is based upon/depends upon other VB - It only occurs in conjunction with primary verbal operants. It does not occur alone! - No pt tp pt correspondence & no formal similarity

Answer 197

"The term 'autoclitic', is intended to suggest VB which is based upon or depends upon other VB - It's VB about VB! - The speaker may use VB about his own BX. Or you can think of some autoclitics as "self-descriptive" - Michael (1992) suggests using the terms: Primary Verbal Operants (Standard relation), secondary verbal operants (autoclitic relations)

Answer 198

- Operant Bx that has an effect on env only through the mediation of another person - Bx shaped & maintained by socially mediated consequences - Composed of Listeners belonging to Trained verbal community - VB is shaped & maintained by a verbal env transmitted from 1 generation to another - Tied to cultural selection

Answer 199

-Involves two 3-term contingencies in which a speakers own Vbx function as an SD or MO for additional speaker Verbal Bx -Autoclitics can take the form of specific words, tags (prefix or suffixes) and word order For E.g. Tact: "Horse" (primary operant) Ex: Autoclitic tacts: I see a horse

Answer 200

* Autoclitics as mands: - Controlled by Eos & can manipulate the listener Bx in way they are RX to speaker - Please give me the blue play-doh - I want that car - Can I have the toy in the box

Answer 201

- Autoclitic increase the probability that the listener will behave appropriately or effectively by coming into contact with the circumstances tht control the speaker VB. The Speaker's Bx is then rein by more accurate Bx by the listener - Learners must 1st acquire a strong verbal repertoire of primary operants b4 autoclitic Bx will occur - Make sure learner has prerequisite skills first - Therapist need to be able to identify the controlling variables

Answer 202

- The speaker can function as an audience for his/her own Vb - Remember Bx is fx of the env & some stimuli originate within the skin - Skinner's philosophical view, Radical Behaviorism, concerns the Trt by pvt stimuli - We acquire VB by public stimuli & by Pat stimuli e.g. Tacting; itches, pains, nausea

Answer 203

- Public accompaniment: an Observable Stimulus (bumping head/fall down) accompanies a pvt event/stimulus (pain) * Ex: Learn to id wat is going on in ur body accurately (parent teaches child when they bump their head)

Answer 204

- Collateral Response: an observable Bx (didn't see kid fall but sees him holding head/crying) occurs along with pvt stimulus - e.g: Laughing/smiling correlated with joy/happiness - Target stimulus MUST be preset in order to teach the Tact of a the Priavte event!

Answer 205

- Punishment seems to be the main indep. variable responsible for shaping self-editing this increases the appropriateness of Vb - RX, Eos, stimulus control, automatic Rx & the other Behavioral principles all play a role in the analysis of VB - If all ur VB were rein you would talk all the Time!!

Answer 206

- Recalling/Revoking by an additional response: ex: "I didn't mean that" Oops - Concealing the identity of the speaker - "Recession to the covert level" self editing occurs before: or not say what I am thinking - Talking to one's self - Disguised speech - We only emit so many Verbal responses due to punishment. Otherwise it would occur at a very high rate. So we have a careful balance of only emitting so many v responses. This establishes stronger stimulus control

Answer 207

1) Caring - Evoked by EO, high value of Pos LR to VB 2) Uncaring: Evoked by EO of neg listener reaction 3) Aware: Tacts own Vb, tacts sources of control for his VB, tact the listeners response to his/her vb 4) Unaware: Failure to Tact one's own Bx & the variables of which it is a fx

Answer 208

- Requesting, demanding, asking a ques Hint Reprimand, Demand, Command, Tact-naming, Labeling - Hint: Senses Contact the env

Answer 209

-Word sequence, word associates, Verbal CSDs are also the main sources of control for most intraverbal Bx

Answer 210

- Saying words that you hear - Copying a text (D) - writing words that you see - Mimetic (D) - making sign you see someone else make -Textual (C) - saying words that you see - Taking dictation (C): Writing words that you hear

Answer 211

As Bx analysts it is imp to know about VB & it's controlling variables to support understanding in language deficits & errors prevalent to populations tht Bx analysts commonly work with such as ASD, DD & TBI patients. The analysis should aid in identifying barriers to language & lead to more effective programming & teaching procedures for learners acquiring functional language to have a better quality of life!

UNIT 1 Flashcards

(235 cards)