- What are axons called in the PNS
nerves
- What are axons called in the CNS
tracts
- What are the 3 main types of neurotransmitters
a. Monoamines (RF), neuropeptides (modulatory), acetylcholines (either)
- Functions of Frontal lobe
motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior. Broca’s area, personality, foresight, insight.
- Functions of Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex
- Functions of Parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex, concerned with initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information. Inferior parietal lobule of one hemisphere (typically left) involved with language comprehension, part of Wernike’s area. Spatial – finding car in lot.
Septum pelucidum
separates lateral ventricles
- What are the key cells involved in the blood brain barrier?
tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells,
- capillary basal lamina,
- Neuroglia - astrocyte foot processes
Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause
an inability to smell (anosmia), a distortion in the sense of smell (parosmia), or a distortion or lack of taste.
Damage to the optic nerve (II) affects
specific aspects of vision that depend on the location of the lesion. A person may not be able to see objects on their left or right sides (homonymous hemianopsia), or may have difficulty seeing objects on their outer visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia) if the optic chiasm is involved
Damage to nerves III, IV, or VI may affect the
movement of the eyeball (globe). Both or one eye may be affected; in either case double vision (diplopia) will likely occur because the movements of the eyes are no longer synchronized
Lesions of the facial nerve (VII) may manifest as
facial palsy. This is where a person is unable to move the muscles on one or both sides of their face. A very common and generally temporarly facial palsy is known as Bell’s palsy.
When damaged, the vestibular nerve may give rise to the sensation of
spinning and dizziness
Loss of function of the vagus nerve (X) will lead to a loss
of parasympathetic innervation to a very large number of structures.
hypoglossal nerve- Damage to the nerve at lower motor neuron level may lead to
fasciculations or atrophy of the muscles of the tongue
XII - Upper motor neuron damage will not lead to atrophy or fasciculations, but only weakness of the
innervated muscles
Denticulate lig function
provide stability for the spinal cord against motion within the vertebral column
All reflexes involve a _______, associated afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. All reflexes also involve _______ as well except the stretch reflex.
a) Receptor; interneurons
- The stretch reflex is the simplest reflex, it is monosynaptic so there are only 2 neurons and (1/2) synapse(s) between them.
ONE*
- What role does the artery of Adamkiewicz play in spinal cord vasculature?
Anterior
What is the main difference between autonomic and somatic systems?
c. Sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents do not reach their targets directly (2 neuron chain is involved)
- Acetylcholine is used in most neurosynaptic clefts except for the (sympathetic/parasympathetic) 2nd synapse.
Sympathetic (postganglionic)
Which CNs have parasympathetic output
a. III, VII, IX, X
- The pelvic splanchnics are (sympathetic/parasympathetic) and have cell bodies in the walls of the organs they innervate.
parasympathetic
