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Unit 1 History Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Militarism (one of the causes of WW1)?

Think: Military

A

The building and maintaining of a powerful military force.

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2
Q

What is Imperialism (one of the causes of WW1)?

Think: Empire

A

Expanding power over countries by acquiring territory or establishing political or economic control.

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3
Q

What is Nationalism (one of the causes of WW1)?

Think: 1 Nation

A

A set of beliefs the promote collective interests and cultural identity.

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4
Q

What are Alliances (one of the causes of WW1)?

A

Alliances were like the formation of pacts or teams between countries.

Purpose: To strengthen a country’s position in the world, and to maintain a balance of power between countries.

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5
Q

What is Assasination?

A

An assassination is to murder a public figure, typically, someone in a government position.

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6
Q

What happened with Archduke Franz Ferdinand and black hand?

A

Archduke Franz, the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian empire, and his wife were assasssinated by a Bosnian Serb, Gavrilo Princip.

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7
Q

What was black hand?

A

A secret military society formed by officers in the Army of Serbia.

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8
Q

Who was part of the Triple Alliance (central powers)

Think: Alli rhymes with y.

A

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

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9
Q

Who was part of the Entente (allies)

A

The UK, France and Russia

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10
Q

What was another name for the Triple Alliance?

Think: Triple, just as the answer has 3 words

A

The Central Powers

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11
Q

What was another name for the Entente?

Think: Entente is 1 word, so is the answer

A

Allies

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12
Q

Scheiflan Plan Summary:

A
  • Germany believed war with Russia was likely
  • If this happened, Germany assumed that France would also attack as it was an ally of Russia
  • If this happened, Germany would have to face war on two fronts (must be avoided)
  • Germany planned to defeat France rapidly, forcing them to surrender before Russia got a chance to mobilize it’s army. Then, Germany would deal with Russia later.
  • This was the basis for the Scheiflan plan
  • Germany used 90% of it’s forces to attack France and the remainder for Russia
  • Von Molkte replaced Von Scheiflan and said that Germany should attack through Belgium, as he assumed Belgim would not be able to handle the attack

German Assumptions V.S. What Actually Happened

  • Russia would take at least 6 weeks to mobilize, but it took 10 days
  • France would be easily defeated in 6 weeks, but Germany did not have a chance against France (Germany lost eventually)
  • Belgium would not resist any German attack, but it did
  • Britain would remain neutral, but Britain actually helped Belgium.
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13
Q

What were the 4 incorrect assumptions of the Germans when creating the Scheiflan plan?

A
  1. It would take Russia at least 6 weeks to mobilize its army
  2. France would be easily defeated within 6 weeks
  3. Belgium would resist an attack from Germany
  4. Briatin would remain neutral
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14
Q

What is the conclusion as to what went wrong with the Scheiflan plan?

A

Due to the incorrect assumptions and bad choices of the Germans, the plan failed and led to 4 terrible years of war. Additionally, France defeated Germany.

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15
Q

What is militia?

A

A military force that is raised from the population to supplement a regular army.

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16
Q

Sam Huges successes and failures

A

Successes:

  • Huges co-ordinated the recruiment of Canadian troops. He boosted Canada’s regular force
  • Huges oversaw the construction of a training facility, and within less than 3 weeks, the first Canadian troops was ready for Europe

Failures:

  • the equipment Huges supplied his soldiers with was not of good quality
  • His biggest failure: his insistence on the Ross Rifle. This gun tended to jam during rapid-fire
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17
Q

What was the controversy around the Ross Rifle?

A

The Ross Rifle was a good hunting gun and targeting rifle.

But:
- it was not designed to resist the rigours of trench warfare as it jammed easily during rapid fire

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18
Q

Who were considered Enemy Aliens in Canada?

A

Hungarians, Austrians, Turks, Germans

HATG

Poles, Croats, Serbs, Slovaks, and Bulgarians too

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19
Q

What did the government do in regards to the War Measures Act?

A

Canada was becoming suspicious of immigrants from enemy countries. So, Prime Minister Borden’s Government passed the War Measures Act which has the power to arrest and detain enemies and take away their freedoms.

During the war, more than 8500 immigrants were placed in internment camps.

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20
Q

5 Reasons for internment:

A
  • trying to leave Canada
  • acting suspicously
  • showing resitance to authority
  • being deemed unreliable
  • found in a state of hiding
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21
Q

Women during the war…

A
  • worked in factories
  • provided on the front line as nurses, doctors, ambulance drivers
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22
Q

What is propaganda?

A

Info, especially biased or misleading, to promote a particular political cause.

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23
Q

What were the tactics used and purposes of Propaganda?

A

Posters and pamphlets were printed; typically, they used words to make the people feel guilty for certain actions such as not joining the war, not allowing husbands to go to the war, not sharing enough food with Britain, etc.

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24
Q

What is war profiteering?

A

Some business people created a mark-up on their prices, or they would not sell until they could get the best price. Others used cheap materials to make more money.
Some industrialists also used bribery for government contracts that they would not fulfill.

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25
List some difficulties of life in the trenches:
- trench foot and other diseases - rats - mud - no bathroom or privacy - little rest - not enough food sometimes - no beds - long periods of boredom - stress
26
Trench Warfare - Over the top (meaning?)
Soldiers would place wooden planks on the ground of their trenches to keep themselves over top of the water to avoid the nasty, trench foot.
27
Describe No Man's Land
No Man's Land is the area of land between two enemy trenches. This area was dangerous for soldiers to walk on as you were easily spotted and could be killed.
28
Who was Billy Bishop?
Billy was the top flyer of WW1, credited with 72 victories. He downed 17 enemy planes within his first month. After the war, he performed airshows, gave lectures, and took part in business.
29
Summary of the Battle of Ypres
- Canadian Soldiers were sent to Europe to help the French and British against the British - The Germans unleashed chlorine gas on the French (first time), burning eyes and lungs and causing choking, gagging, and suffocation - so Canada moved in as reinforcements - Both Canada and Germany released gas, and both sides equipped themselves with gas masks. - gas attacks were not as effective as expected as the wind could change, and therefore, move the gas toward the attackers - additionally, the gas dispersed quickly
30
Summery of the Battle of Somme
- Haig - the British Commander, believed that the French and British could break through the German lines near the Somme River. - On July 1, 1916, the French and British were on no man's land. - the attack continued for over 4 months - Both sides had an extreme number of casualties - The worst loss in British Military History - despite the casualties, Haig insisted that the battle goes on - in the end, the allied suffered 650, 000 casualties, only for 545 square kilometers of land
31
Summary of the Battle of Passchendaele
- The Germans had held their line at Ypres since 1914, giving them plenty of time to reinforce their defences - British, Australian, and New Zealand forces tried to attack the German positions with little success and at the cost of 100,000 casualties - Scouts were sent out to report the position of German machine gun and artillery placements - the sounds of artillery barrages could be heard about 150km away - The attack continued for 15 days - The Canadians captured the ridge, but 15, 600 soldiers were dead or wounded - So many casualties occured to the Germans and the Allied, that there was very little to gain
32
What is a ridge?
A hilltop
33
Vimy Ridge - why was it desirable?
- from a hilltop, you can see futher - it is easier to shoot from above than from below -a strong German position in northern France - French and British troops tried - and failed - to capture it
34
Summary of the Vimy Ridge Battle:
-As the Canadians were trying to capture the ridge, they changed the entire terrain - the preparations included 11 underground tunnels - the enemy was also weakened by a bombardment of accuracy, with the help of aerial reconnaissance. This would occur before the soldiers attacking - the Canadians used a new tactic called the "CREEPING BARRAGE". In this type of attack, the artillery continued to fire even as the Canadians left their trenches. The goal was to create shells in front of the advancing force so that the enemy would have to stay in the dugouts - the hope was that, while the enemy huddled deep, the Canadians would be at the top before the enemy could prepare itself - Within two days after the Canadians' attack, the Germans retreated from the ridge - This was a turning point in Canadian history
35
Who was Arthur Currie and what did he do?
Currie was a Senior Officer of the Canadian Army who fought during WW1. He was in charge of the mission of Canada capturing the ridge. - With his help, the Canadians transformed the terrain by Vimy Ridge - He developed a new tactic used by the Canadians - He insisted his soldiers were very well prepared and well rested
36
Why were machine guns important weapons?
- they are capable of sustained rapid-fire shooting - they fire 500 to 1000 shots per minute - they continue to fire as long as the trigger is pulled back - machine guns caused 20-25% of deaths
37
Why were tanks important?
- they could cross trenches - could cross wire entanglement - they had a dramatic effect on German morale
38
Which country excelled at submarine warefare?
Germany
39
What was the benefit of Submarines?
Submarines couldn't be seen easilyas they were underwater, thus they were excellent at sinking other ships
40
What was Canada's main role at sea?
Shipping Canadian troops, food, and munitions to Europe
41
What is a convoy?
A group
42
What was one of the ways Canada protected the transports on the sea from the submarines?
They would travel in convoy with the Warships defending the transports
43
What occurred with the Lusitania?
In 1915, a U-boat torpedoed the Lusitania, a British passenger liner that was carrying war supplies to Britain. More than half the passengers including 128 Americans.
44
Why did the U.S.A join the war?
After the Germans sunk the Lusitania and two other American ships, America joined the war. Additionally, Germany had secret negotiations with Mexico. When the States learned about this, they fought
45
What happened with the Halifax explosion?
In 1917, two boats coming to Halifax collided, but one of them was filled with 2000 tons of ammunition, causing an explosion and wreckage of land and people.
46
What ended WW1?
The armistice (agreement for peace) between Germany and the Allies.
47
Explain the 100 days:
The Hundred Days was a series of attacks by the Allied troops at the end of World War I. Canada was a part of this
48
What was the Spanish flu?
The most lethal version of influenza, which circled the entire globe, causing possibly 50 million deaths
49
How many Canadians died due to the Spanish flu?
50 million people
50
When did the Spanish flu take place?
1918
51
How many countries were represented to discuss the Treaty of Versialles?
32, including Canada
52
Who were the "Big Three"?
Georges Clemenceau (GC) Premier of France David Lloyd George (DLG) Prime Minister of Great Britain Woodrow Wilson (WW) President of the United States
53
What did France want from the treaty? Think: F for France and FAULTY
- revenge, to crush Germany - they wanted Germany to pay for the damages they caused - they wanted to weaken Germany to avoid any future wars
54
What did the USA want from the treaty?
- a fair peace - defeated nations should be treated justly so that they don't seek revenge in the future - 14 points for a peaceful world, included the League of nations
55
What did Britain want from the Treaty?
- held a middle position - they wanted revenge on Germany, but not to crush Germany - responsible for a lot of what made the peace treaty possible
56
What were the terms of the treaty?
- Germany had to accept the independence of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland - Germany gave up its overseas colonies - Germany lost 12% of its pre-war territory due to neighbouring powers - France took back the lost territory of Alsace-Lorraine - France gained control over the saal coal region for 15 years
57
What happened with the treaty in terms of the military?
­ - Germany's border with France was to be demilitarized ­- The German army was reduced to 100 000 troops, with no tanks or heavy artillery ­ - The German air force was disbanded ­ - The German navy was reduced and no submarines
58
What happened with the treaty in terms of reparations and guilt?
Germany was expected to pay about $32 billion to Britain, France and Belgium for the damages they caused Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for causing the war
59
What were the reactions to the Treaty?
- French and British thought the Treaty was fair and just - Germany thought it was unfair - it would crush their fragile economy - they were unhappy about losing territory - they thought the war guilt clause was unfair and untrue
60
What was the myth developed about Germany?
The belief that Germany did not lose WW1 on the battlefield, rather, they were betrayed by civilians, especially jews
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