1
Q
what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
A
- delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
- picks up CO2 and wastes from tissues
- transports hormones
- helps regulate body temperature
2
Q
what is the cardiovascular system made of
A
- heart
- blood vessels
- blood
3
Q
what happens in systemic circulation
A
blood travels to body tissues
4
Q
what happens in pulmonary circulation
A
blood travels to lungs
5
Q
what happens in coronary circulation
A
blood travels to cardiac tissue
6
Q
what do arteries do
A
carry blood away from the heart
7
Q
what do veins do
A
carry blood to the heart
8
Q
what are some physical characteristics of the heart
A
- size of a fist
- cone-shaped
- about 2/3 lies to the left of the thoracic midline
9
Q
where are the lung in relation to the heart
A
lateral
10
Q
where do the sternum and ribs lie in relation to the heart
A
anteriorly
11
Q
where do the thoracic vertebrae lie in relation to the heart?
A
posteriorly
12
Q
where does the diaphragm lie in relation to the heart?
A
inferiorly
13
Q
what is the base
A
wide superior portion
14
Q
what forms the base?
A
the atria
15
Q
what is the apex
A
narrow inferior portion of the heart
16
Q
what forms the apex?
A
the left ventricle
17
Q
what are the 4 chambers of the heart?
A
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
18
Q
what are sulci?
A
grooves in the heart
19
Q
what are the 3 sulci in the heart?
A
- coronary sulcus
- anterior interventricular sulcus
- posterior interventricular sulcus
20
Q
what does the coronary sulcus divide?
A
- marks the boundary between atria and ventricles
- encircles most of the heart
21
Q
what does the anterior interventricular sulcus divide?
A
marks boundary between ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart
22
Q
what does the posterior interventricular sulcus divide?
A
marks boundary between ventricles on the posterior surface of the heart
23
Q
what are the 3 great vessels of the heart?
A
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
- coronary sinus
24
Q
what do the great vessels do?
A
they return deoxygenated blood back to heart (into right atrium)
25
what does the aorta do?
distributes oxygenated blood to systemic circulation (from left ventricle)
26
what do the pulmonary trunk and the pulmonary arteries do?
carry deoxygenated blood to lungs (from right ventricle)
27
what do the pulmonary veins do?
returns oxygenated blood to the heart (into left atrium)
28
what are left and right auricles?
extensions of atria
29
what is the function of auricles?
serves as a pouch coming off atria to provide as extra space for atria in case cardiac output or stroke volume increases
30
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall starting from innermost layer?
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
31
what does the endocardium cover?
lines inside chambers and covers valves
32
what is myocardium?
thick cardiac muscle tissue
33
what is pericardium?
membrane that surrounds and protects the heart?
34
what are the two layers of pericardium?
serous pericardium and fibrous pericardium
35
what is the visceral layer of serous pericardium?
epicardium
36
what is the pericardial cavity and where is it located?
in the serous pericardium it contains serous fluid
37
what is the function of the serous fluid?
to reduce friction
38
why is endocardium so smooth?
so blood can flow smoothly to reduce friction
39
what does fibrous pericardium do
it attaches to diaphragm and secures heart to mediastinum
40
what makes up the septum?
- interatrial septum
- foramen ovale
- fossa ovalis
- interventricular septum
41
what is the interatrial septum
a thin wall separating right and left atria
42
what is the foramen ovale
a fetal structure creating shunt from right to left heart
43
what is the fossa ovalis
membrane that forms over and covers foramen vale after birth
44
what are the ridges in the heart
- right atrium and auricles
| - ventricles
45
what structure is in the right atrium and auricles
pectinate muscles
46
what structures are in the ventricles
- trabeculae carnae
- papillary muscles
- chordae tendinae
47
what are papillary muscles
finger like projections from trabeculae carnae
48
what is chordae tendinae
string like cords attached to papillary muscles and AV vlaves
49
what are the two valves of the heart
- atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
| - semilunar valves
50
what is in the atrioventricular valves?
tricuspid valve and the bicuspid or mitral valve
51
where is the tricuspid valve located
between right atrium and right ventricle
52
where is the bicuspid valve located
between left atrium and left ventricle
53
what is in the semilunar valves
- pulmonary valve
| - aortic valve
54
where is the pulmonary valve located
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
55
where is the aortic valve located
between left ventricle and aorta
56
what is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?
systemic is through the body
| pulmonary is through the lungs
57
what is the general blood circulation path in systemic circulation
left ventricle -> body tissues -> right atrium
58
what is the general blood circulation oath in pulmonary circulation
right ventricle -> lungs -> left atrium
59
what does each circulation contain?
arteries, veins, capillaries
60
what does the circumflex branch do?
irrigates the left side of heart
61
what does the anterior interventricular branch do?
irrigates anterior side of both ventricles
62
what does the posterior interventricular branch do?
irrigates posterior side of both ventricles
63
what does the marginal branch do?
irrigates anterior right side of right ventricles
64
what do arteries generally do?
irrigate
65
what do veins generally do
drain
66
what does the small cardiac vein do
drains right anterior heart
67
what does middle cardiac vein do
drains posterior heart
68
what does the great cardiac vein do
drains left anterior heart
69
what is cardiac muscle made of?
striated branching cells with 1-2 nuclei
70
what are intercalated disks
contain desmosomes that hold cardiac fibers together
71
what do gap junctions do
allow APs to spread from cell to cell
72
what is 1 cardiac cycle equivalent to?
1 heartbeat
73
what happens in atrial and ventricular systole?
contraction
74
what happens in contraction?
pressure within chamber increases and ejects blood
75
what happens in atrial and ventricular diastole?
relaxation
76
what happens in relaxation?
pressure within chamber is low and blood fills chamber
77
how is the hear continuously beating?
autorhythmic cells and autonomic nervous system and hormones
78
what are auto rhythmic cells
excitable cells that generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions
79
what do autoryhthmic cells prompt?
intrinsic stimulation
80
what does the autonomic nervous system and hormones prompt?
extrinsic stimulation
81
how does the autonomic nervous system contribute to helping the heart beat continuously?
parasympathetic division helps slow heart rate to normal
82
what is the pacemaker and what does it do?
the SA node, it initiates APs
83
what happens in the conduction system?
SA (sinoatrial) node -> AV node -> bundle of his -> right and left bundle branches -> purkinje fibers
84
what is an ECG and what does it stand for?
- electrocardiogram
| - gives a recording of the electrical activity of the heart
85
what is a P wave in an ECG?
atrial depolarization
86
what is a QRX complex in an ECG?
ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
87
what is a T wave in an ECG
ventricular repolarization
88
what is a P-Q interval?
the time it takes for electrical conduction to travel through atria and reach purkinje fibers
89
what is the S-T segment in an ECG?
full ventricular depolarization and contraction of ventricles
90
what is the Q-T interval in an ECG?
ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization
91
what is it called on an ECG when the persons heart rate is abnormally LOW?
bradycardia
92
what is it called on an ECG when the persons heart rate is abnormally HIGH?
tachycardia
93
what is auscultation?
listening to body sounds
94
when doctors use a stethoscope what is the lubb dubb, lubb dubb sound heard from
blood striking against closed valve
95
what is happening during the 1st sound "the lubb"?
- AV valved close
| - ventricular systole
96
what is happening during the 2nd sound "the dubb"?
- SL valves close
| - ventricular diastole
