Unit 1 - Macromolecules

Question 1

Dehydration Snthesis

Answer 1

when monomers combine to create polymers, releasing water molecules as a by-product — uses energy

Question 2

Hydrolysis

Answer 2

when water molecules are added to split molecules — releases energy

Question 3

Glucose Formula

Answer 3

C6H12O6

Question 4

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 4

type of covalent bond formed via dehydration synthesis between monomers

Question 5

Disaccharide Formula

Answer 5

C12H22O11

Question 6

Polysaccharide

Answer 6

long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds (branched or not), can be alpha or beta forms

Question 7

Glycerol Formula

Answer 7

C3H8O3

Question 8

Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Answer 8

fatty acids not synthesized by the human body; poly unsaturated fats with a 3rd carbon at the end of hydrocarbon connected to the neighboring carbon

Question 9

Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)

Answer 9

C18H30O2

Question 10

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

Answer 10

C20H30O2

Question 11

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Answer 11

C22H32O2

Question 12

Phospholipids

Answer 12

2 fatty acids (one saturated and one unsaturated) + phosphate and glycerol head

Question 13

Waxes

Answer 13

long-chain, hydrophobic fatty acids

Question 14

Steroids

Answer 14

hydrophobic, water insoluble, four-linked carbon rings; -OH functional group

Question 15

Triglycerides

Answer 15

glycerol backbone + fatty acid chains of hydrocarbons where carboxyl group is attached (also called triacylglycerol)

Question 16

Amylase Formula

Answer 16

C6H10O5, breaks down sugars

Question 17

Lipase Formula

Answer 17

C11H9N3O2+, breaks down fats

Question 18

Pepsin Function

Answer 18

breaks down smaller proteins

Question 19

Trypsin Function

Answer 19

breaks down large polymer proteins

Question 20

Hemoglobin Function

Answer 20

transports oxygen in the blood

Question 21

Albumin Function

Answer 21

regulates osmotic pressure and transports substances in the blood

Question 22

Actin Function

Answer 22

structural support, movement of cell surface

Question 23

Tubulin Function

Answer 23

forms microtubules for cell structure and transport

Question 24

Keratin Function

Answer 24

provides structural support and protection for cells, skin, hair, and nails

Question 25

Insulin Function

Answer 25

moves glucose from blood throughout the body

Question 26

Thyroxine Function

Answer 26

regulates development and metabolism

Question 27

Denaturation

Answer 27

when changes in temp, pH, and chemical composition causes changes in form, and thus function

Question 28

Peptide Bond

Answer 28

covalent bond between two amino acids

Question 29

N-terminal

Answer 29

end of a peptide chain with a free amino group, determined peptide sequence

Question 30

Polypeptide

Answer 30

a chain of amino acids

Question 31

Protein

Answer 31

a chain of amino acids that have been folded

Question 32

Primary Structure

Answer 32

unique sequence of amino acids determined by gene codingSecon

Question 33

Secondary Structure

Answer 33

folding patterns being: 1) Alpha-helix: held by hydrogen bonds between oxygen and carbonyl of one amino acid and other four amino acids further along 2) Beta-pleated: pleats formed by hydrogen bonding between backbone and chain

Question 34

Tertiary Structure

Answer 34

three dimensional structure due to chemical interactions

Question 35

Quaternary Structure

Answer 35

interaction of several subunits for stabilization, when proteins have 2+ polypeptide chains

Question 36

Chaperones

Answer 36

proteins that assist in folding process by preventing aggregation

Question 37

Purines

Answer 37

type of nitrogenous base with 2-carbon nitrogen rings; adenine and cytosine

Question 38

Pyrimidines

Answer 38

type of nitrogenous base with 1-carbon nitrogen ring; uracil, guanine, thymine

Question 39

5' - 3' Phosphodiester Linkage

Answer 39

a bond formed between the 5' phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3' hydroxyl group of another, involving removal of 2 phosphate groups

Question 40

Antiparallel Orientation

Answer 40

arrangement of strands in DNA where 5' carbon end faces 3' carbon end of matching strand, permitting hydrogen bonding and transcription with complementary synthesis

Question 41

messenger RNA

Answer 41

RNA that carries genetic information in sets of codons

Question 42

Codon

Answer 42

set of 3 bases to be read by mRNA

Question 43

ribosomal RNA

Answer 43

ensures proper alignment of mRNA and ribosomes, catalyzing formation of peptide bonds between aligned amino acids

Question 44

transfer RNA

Answer 44

carries correct amino acid to site of protein synthesis

Question 45

microRNA

Answer 45

regulation of gene expression and apoptosis

Question 46

Transcription

Answer 46

DNA dictates mRNA structure

Question 47

Translation

Answer 47

RNA tells the structure being given to produce