Ultimate tensile strength / breaking stress
Maximum stress a material can withstand without fracturing
Plastic deformation / beyond elastic limit
When a material does not return to its original shape when the force is removed
Elastic deformation
When a material returns to its original shape when the force is removed
Strain
Extension / original length
Stress
Force applied / cross-sectional area
Young modulus
Stress / strain
Force constant
Force per unit extension
Hooke’s Law
Extension is proportional to applied force (provided elastic limit is not exceeded)