What is the study of anatomy?
The study of the body’s structures.
What is the study of physiology?
The study of how organisms function.
What organ(s) are located in the plural cavities?
The lungs.
What organ(s) are located in the mediastinum cavity?
The heart.
Know the 11 organ systems.
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Urinary system
- Digestive system
- Male/Female Reproductive System
What is the definition of negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms? Know examples covered in class.
- Negative feedback is a control mechanism that keeps a variable within normal levels. (Temperature Regulation; Heart Rate Regulation, Blood Pressure Regulation; Breathing Rate Regulation)
- Positive feedback is a control mechanism that increases the original change in a variable. (Breastfeeding; Blood Clotting; Labor/Childbirth)
What is the definition of homeostasis?
The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing internal or external conditions.
What are the anatomical, prone, and supine positions?
- Anatomical is standing upright with hands facing forward.
- Prone is lying flat on the stomach with hands facing backward.
- Supine is lying flat on the back with hands facing backward.
What are the charges of the subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons?
- Protons – positive
- Neutrons – none
- Electrons – negative
Know the functions of the 4 biochemicals:
a. Carbohydrates – energy source, regulate blood glucose, and regulate insulin metabolism.
b. Proteins – Catalyze chemical reactions, structural support, body movement, transport in the blood, membrane transport, and protection.
c. Lipids – stored energy, components of cellular membranes, and hormones.
d. Nucleic acids – store and transfer genetic, or hereditary, information.
What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
- Dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which water is formed during the formation of a complex molecule.
- Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which water is used to break down a complex molecule.
What ion do cells use ATP to “pump” into the cell to create a membrane potential?
K+ (Potassium)
What is considered basic, acidic, and neutral on the pH scale?
- 14-7.1 is basic
- 7 is neutral
- 6.9-0 is acidic
What is a concentration gradient?
A difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.
What is diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules or particles down their concentration gradient.
- Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport process using carrier proteins or channel proteins to move a chemical across the plasma membrane.
What is active transport?
- A method of a protein pump transporting a substance across a membrane, against its concentration gradient.
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
- Physical Protection
- Selective Permeability
- Secretions
- Sensations
Which tissues are avascular?
- Epithelial tissues
- Cartilage tissues
What cells make collagen in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
Know the location of the following connective tissues:
a. Dense irregular connective tissue
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic tissue
d. Dense regular connective tissue
e. Fluid connective tissue
f. Loose areolar
a. (DERMIS)
b. (INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS)
c. (WALLS OF ELASTIC ARERIES; TRACHEA; VOCAL CORDS)
d. (TENDONS & LIGAMENTS)
e. (BLOOD & LYMPH)
f. (PAPILLARY LAYER OF DERMIS & HYPODERMIS)
Know the primary locations of the following epithelial tissues:
a. Transitional epithelium
b. Simple squamous
c. Simple columnar
d. Simple cuboidal
e. Stratified squamous
f. Pseudostratified columnar
a. (LINING OF URINARY BLADDER & URETHRA)
b. (ALEVOLI)
c. (LINING OF GI TRACT)
d. (LINING OF KIDNEY TUBULES)
e. (EPIDERMIS; LINING OF HIGH-FRICTION AREAS)
f. (LINING OF RESPIRATORY TRACT)
What are the key differences between epithelial and connective tissues?
- Epithelial: Groups of cells covering exterior surfaces of the body.
- Connective: Binds the cells and organs of the body together.
Know how the following glands secrete:
a. Merocrine
b. Apocrine
c. Holocrine
d. Endocrine
a. (Release the secretions by exocytosis)
b. (Secretes products when a cell’s apical portion pinches off into the lumen of the gland)
c. (Secrete products by the rupture of the plasma membrane)
d. (secrete hormones into the bloodstream)
What are the 4 stages of wound healing?
- Hemostasis
- Inflammation
- Proliferation
- Remodeling
