What does the expression “uniformity of natural causes in a closed (or open) system” mean?
It means that in a closed system people believe there is no outside influence in the universe, there is no creator. In an open system people believe there is an outside influence, God the Creator. And he created all things, while natural laws still exist like gravity that he designed.
What are the main characteristics of each approach to the integration of Christianity and Psychology?
The integration of Christianity and psychology involves studying psychology as a legitimate science while interpreting it through a biblical worldview. This means respecting psychological theories and research, but filtering them through Scripture, recognizing God’s revelation in both His Word and creation. The purpose is to gain the most accurate understanding of human behavior and to use psychology as a ministry to serve and help people.
What is a person?
A person is an agent that (has freedom and autonomy) and makes free choices, and has a reason for acting, has values, purpose and goals, and is conscious of self and others. They also live in a community.
What is Antithesis?
Antithesis is the pairing of opposite ideas in similar form to emphasize contrast. There is no midground, you either believe there is a God or you don’t.
What is Common grace?
God’s grace to all people, believers and nonbelievers. He provides us with food, and an area to live (His Creation). He also provides us with morals, what is bad or wrong, and also common grace can be seen as things like the sun rising and setting each day he provides us with.
Wilhelm Wundt developed?
Introspection
What is introspection?
Introspection is the conscious examination of one’s own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts and feelings about conscious experiences.
What is Structuralism?
Structuralism is the study of breaking down conscious experience into its fundamental elements: sensations, feelings and images.
William James devloped?
William James developed the study of functionalism. He believed the others idea was not sufficient enough for understanding.
What is functionalism?
Functionalism is the study of how the mind of the organism adapts to its current environment.
Study the shift of focus in psychology before and after the 1920s and between the 1920s and the 1960s.
Before the 1920s, psychology was mainly defined as the study of mental life, focusing on introspection and consciousness. Between the 1920s and 1960s, the field shifted toward behaviorism, emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavior and conditioning, while setting aside the study of inner thoughts and feelings. After the 1960s, psychology moved again to include both behavior and mental processes, leading to the rise of cognitive and humanistic approaches.
Study the definition of contemporary psychology and the current perspectives in Psychology.
Contemporary psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, to give a fuller understanding of why people think, feel, and act as they do.
Study issues that highlight the need for psychological science: hindsight bias and overconfidence.
Hindsight bias and overconfidence highlight the need for psychological science because they reveal how human intuition can mislead us, making scientific research essential for discovering the truth about behavior and mental processes.
Study the most important terms that define the scientific method (hypothesis, theory, operational definition, replication).
In the scientific method, a theory organizes observations and predicts behavior, a hypothesis is a testable prediction drawn from that theory, an operational definition specifies how variables are measured so the study is clear, and replication repeats the research to confirm reliability.
Study the reasons why random sampling is important.
Random sampling is important because it reduces bias, makes samples more representative, and allows research findings to be generalized reliably to the larger population.
Study the ways used to describe data in psychology.
Psychologists describe data in three main ways: by finding the center of the, by looking at the spread of the data, and by using graphs like histograms or bell curves to show patterns visually.
Study the characteristics of correlation and experimentation, and how they relate to causation.
Correlation shows a relationship between variables but cannot prove cause and effect, while experimentation manipulates variables under controlled conditions and is the only method that can demonstrate causation.
What is Correlation Research?
Correlation Research examines the relationship between two variables.
What is Experimental Research?
Experimental Research is manipulating and controlling variables to determine cause and effect between variables.
Study the measures of central tendency and variation.
Measures of central tendency describe the typical score in a dataset, while measures of variation show how spread out the scores are.
Study the concept of statistical significance.
Statistical significance means the results of a study are unlikely to have happened by chance (usually p < .05), showing the findings are reliable, though not necessarily large or important in real life.
Study the characteristics of neurons and how they communicate.
Neurons are specialized cells with dendrites, a cell body, and an axon, and they communicate by sending electrical impulses within the neuron and chemical messages (neurotransmitters) across synapses to other neurons.
Study how neurotransmitters influence us, and especially the functions of endorphins and Acetylcholine.
Neurotransmitters direct how we think, feel, and act; endorphins reduce pain and increase pleasure during stress or exercise, while acetylcholine enables muscle movement and supports learning and memory, with deficiencies tied to Alzheimer’s and paralysis.
The Central Nervous System?
Brain and Spinal Cord
