unit 11

Question 1

what is ecological succession

Answer 1

any progressive change in an ecosystem over time
-both abiotic and biotic

Question 2

examples of abiotic factors changing

Answer 2

droughts/floods natural disasters, soil pH changes, light availability

Question 3

ex of biotic factors changing

Answer 3

species going extinct, new species showing up, population growth

Question 4

what starts drastic succession

Answer 4

abiotic: natural disasters
biotic: invasive species

Question 5

what is the climax community

Answer 5

the end of succession

Question 6

what is primary succession

Answer 6

occurs when there was no life before and it enters

Question 7

2 examples of primary succession

Answer 7

1. glaciersx melt, new life exposed
2. volcanic eruptions that create new islands

Question 8

what is a pioneer species

Answer 8

begin primary succession, 1st organisms to move in. can survive with very little nutrients
start nutrient cycles and energy flows

Question 9

pioneer species examples

Answer 9

bacteria, lichens, mosses

Question 10

what comes after pioneer species

Answer 10

smaller plants, usually grass
then larger plants
then animals
diversity increases-sign of primary succession
more complex food webs

Question 11

what is primary production

Answer 11

amount of biomass produced by plants
-another sign of succession

Question 12

what is secondary succession

Answer 12

original community wiped out, new species enters
-usually caused by natural disasters
-way faster, already cycles and flows
climax community reached fasteri

Question 13

is secondary succession cyclical or linear

Answer 13

usually cyclical- abiotic factors change often ex weather
-could be yearly, or 5-10 year basis

Question 14

examples of cyclical succession

Answer 14

Scottish Highlands
-dwarf Heather stage: small plant that dominates its entire lifetime. all die at once
-lichens dominate for awhile- die out after taking over heathers
-replaced by bearberry heathers- die out
-replaced by dwarf heathers

Question 15

2 examples of how climax community is based off abiotic factors

Answer 15

1. forests form where there’s plenty of water and nutrients in soil
2. swamps form where water doesn’t drain easily

Question 16

what is arrested succession

Answer 16

stops succession before climax community is reached-humans interfering with abiotic factors

Question 17

examples of arrested succession

Answer 17

1. grazing: prevents forests from growing
2. draining swamps to grow crops or build something, doesn’t allow organisms to move in

Question 18

what is phenology

Answer 18

the timing of seasonal activities for plants and animals depending on climate
daylength(photoperiod) and temperature

Question 19

was is the winter equinox

Answer 19

when days start getting longer

Question 20

what is the summer equinox

Answer 20

days start getting shorter

Question 21

what does photoperiod affect

Answer 21

mainly plants doing/not doing photosynthesis
impacts plant flowering

Question 22

what is bud set

Answer 22

end of growing season, usually when days get shorter

Question 23

what is bud burst

Answer 23

beginning of growing season

Question 24

what do temperature patterns affect

Answer 24

usually animals waiting for certain temperatures
migration, building nests

Question 25

how does climate change affect phenology

Answer 25

the temperature patterns no longer aligns with photoperiod impacts animals that rely on alignment

Question 26

2 examples of animals affected by climate change on phenology

Answer 26

1. Great Tit: bird that's main food source is catapillars. -catapillars come out cocoon when warm. -biomass/amount is very brief because they become butterflies -time they come out becoming earlier and earlier -When great tit migrates based on photoperiod they are gone 2. Caribou: main food source is mouse-ear chickweek-plant that grows when warm -caribous migrate too late, plant already eaten

Question 27

when do insect life cycles begin

Answer 27

when it is warm usually only survive 1 life cycle per year-lay eggs and die

Question 28

how is climate affecting insect life cycles

Answer 28

increasing amount as temperature increases, disrupts balance between organisms

Question 29

example of climate affecting insect life cycle

Answer 29

Spruce Bark Beetle -usually takes 2 years to complete 1 life cycle, Spruce tree can handle this -life cycle frequency increasing, tree over exposed -tree already going through dry conditions -tree population drastically decreasing

Question 30

evolution in climate change

Answer 30

evolution is too slow to keep up natural selection is based on environment which is changing traits might not be helpful in long run

Question 31

evolution in climate change example

Answer 31

Tawny owl-grey and brown version -grey exists in cold areas where there's snow -brown in warm areas -brown becoming more prevalent