what criteria is used by psychologists/psychiatrists to label behavior as a disorder
- atypical (deviate from the norm or typical)
- distress
- dysfunction (maladaptive behavior-inhibits a persons ability to adjust to a situation)
ADHD symptoms
- extreme inattention
- hyperactivity
- impulsivity
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured often through treatment in a hospital
- find the biological problem so you know what is causing the disorder
medical model
reasons for using the DSM 5
- classifies disorders
- helps people understand the disorder
- provides reliability (consistent results)
illustrated the negative effects of once we label someone with a disorder, we view them differently
David rosenhan’s research on diagnostic labels
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chocking or other frightening sensations, often follows by worry over a possible next attack
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation
phobia
fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic
- being in a place where we don’t think we have control
agoraphobia
offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy a person
obsessions
repetitive behaviors/actions
compulsions
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience
- these people are always on edge (hypervigilance)
post-traumatic stress disorder
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crisis
post-traumatic growth
when we take stimuli and group them all together; learning process in which a person associates multiple stimuli
- ex. one time you were attacked by a dog and now you fear all dogs
stimulus generalization
how would the learning perspective explain phobias/fears
compulsions behaviors are reinforced by anxiety (operant conditioning)
stimulus generalization (classical conditioning)
observational learning
a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
major depressive disorder
one of which two symptoms must be present in order to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder
- depressed mood
- loss of interest or pleasure
a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania
- formerly called manic-depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
mania
low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin are associated with what disorder
depression
three characteristic thinking styles for pessimism/depression
- stable
- global
- internal explanations
a psychological disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression
schizophrenia
false beliefs; often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
deluisons
