Unit 15:

Question 1

Christopher Columbus

Answer 1

• Genoese (Italian) sea captain/ explorer
• August 3, 1492= sailed from Spain to Americas/Caribbean (though he reached Asia)
• sailed west to get east
• landed Oct 12, 1492
• nina, pinta, sata maria
• met the natives= Taino
• called them Indians
• gave them small trinkets, they gave parrots, balls of cotton thread, VALUABLE THINGS
• he took advantage of that
• interested in gold
• 1493= reurned to Spaim,; rulers sgreeed to finance 3 more trips
• Sept 1493= returned but to colonize
• brought 17 ships, 1,000 soldiers, crewmen and colonists

Question 2

colony

Answer 2

land that are controlled by another nation

Question 3

Pedreo Alvares Cabral

Answer 3

• Portuguses exploerer

- 1500= reached modern-day Brazil and claimed it for Portugal

Question 4

Amerigo Vespucci

Answer 4

• Italian serving for Spaim
• 1501= traveled to coast of South America
• claimed that the land wa not Asia but a “new” world
• 1507= a German mapmaker named the new continent “America” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci

Question 5

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 5

• Portuguses explorer
• 1519= led a expedition that sailed around the entire world but he died in the Phillipines (CIRCUMNAVIGATE)
• 250 men, 5 ships
• only 28 men and 2 ship arrived bakc in Spain in 1522, almost 3 yrs after they left (died from disease or battle)

Question 6

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Answer 6

• Spanish explorer
• marched through moder-day Panama
• became the first european to see the Pacific Ocean

Question 7

Hernando Cortes

Answer 7

• Spaniard
• 1519= landed on the shores of Mexico
• colonized some Caribbean islands
• learned of the wealth of the Aztecs
• reached Tenochtitlan
• Montezuma II (EMPEROR)= convinced that Cortes and his men were gods wearing armor
• he gave them gold
• Cortes watd more gold (“disease of the heart that only gold can cure”)
• he killed Aztecs during a religious festival
• June 1520= Aztecs rebelled and drove out Cotes’s forces but they fought back and conquered the Aztec Empire
• FACTORS…….
  1. Spanish weapons (guns) were beter than the Aztec spears
  2. some other native groups helped defeat the Aztecs (some hated the Aztecs rituals—> human sacrifice)
  3. DISEASE (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus; the native were not immune
• equivalent to 4 bubonic plagues
• 1519= 253 mil natives
• 1523= 16.8 mil natives
• 1548= 6.3 mil natives
• 1605= 1 mil natives

Question 8

conquistadors

Answer 8

• Spanish explorers, soldiers and fortune hunters

- took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century

Question 9

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 9

• conquistador
• son of infantry captain and a young peasnat woman
• raised by poor mom’s family
• can’t read
• 1532= conquered Incan Empire
• captured Atahualpa
• killed him
• Incan capital- Cuzco

Question 10

Atahualpa

Answer 10

• last Incan ruler
• captured by Pizarro
• ransome= fill a room with gold and 2 with silver (24 tons of gold/silver); richest ransome in history
• he wasn’t released but supposed to be burned at the stake
• if he converted to Christianity, he would be stangled instead
• he converted and was strangled
• the Incans believed that the soul needs the body after a person died (mummies)
• if he wasn burned, there would be no body

Question 11

other empires conquered by the Spanish

Answer 11

-Mayan (at Yucatan and Guatamala)3

Question 12

peninsulares

Answer 12

• Spanish settlers to the Americas

- mostly men

Question 13

mestizo

Answer 13

• mizxed Spanish and Native American population

- becuase almost all the colonists were men, they began to have relationships with or rape the natve women

Question 14

encomienda

Answer 14

• Spanish forcing the Native Americans to work
• mining, farming, ranching
• doing things the Spainish don’t want to do themselves
• lords promised they would act fairly but many abused the natives or worked them to death, especially in the mines

Question 15

Portuguses in Brazil

Answer 15

• 1500= Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal
• little gold or silver
• began growing sugar (sugar plantations)–> cleared out many forests
• the demand for sugar in Europe was great and the colony soon enriched Portugal
• settled more land for sugar production

Question 16

Spain

Answer 16

• became the richest, most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century
• all b/c of Spain’s American colonies
• increased military
• built a powerful navy
• created a skillful and determined army
• wealth= held bring about a golden age of art and culture
• Spanish bured the Aztec codex (all of Aztec writings)
• they wanted to wipe it out and replace it

Question 17

Juan Ponce de Leon

Answer 17

• Spanish explorer

- 1513= landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain

Question 18

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado

Answer 18

• 1540-1541= led an expedition throughout much of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
• found littel gold
• result= Spanish monarchy assigned mostly priests to explore and colonize the future united states

Question 19

Pedro de Peralta

Answer 19

• governor of New Mexico (Spained northern holdings)
• 1609-1610= led sttlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande
• built Santa Fe (capital)–> “Holy Faith”
• next 2 decades= a string of Christian missions rose among the Peublo (native inhabitants of the region)
• scattered forts, missions, and small ranches were created in New Mexico, which became the headquarters for advancing the Catholic religion

Question 20

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 20

• Dominican monk
• didn;t like the encomienda system
• ppl should import slaves from Africa
• 1542= no more encomienda system
• he later changed his opinion about enslaving africans but other liked the idea

Question 21

Jacques Cartier

Answer 21

• Frenchman
• 1534= reached a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led to a broad river
• he named it the St Lawrence River
• he follewed it inward until he reached a large island donimated by mountain (he named it Mont Reat (Mount Royal) which becam known as Montreal)

Question 22

Samual de Champlain

Answer 22

• French explorer
• 1608= sailed up the St Lawrence River with 32 colonists
• founded Quebec (became the base of France’s colonial empire in North America)

Question 23

New France

Answer 23

• France’s colonial empire in North America
• covered what is now the midwestern United States and eastern
• large but sparsely populated
• many of the French colonists didn’t want to raise families or build towns but they becmae traders instead (fur trade= New France’s main economical activity)
• more interestedin making money

Question 24

Sieur de La Salle

Answer 24

• explored the lower Mississippi
• claimed the entire river valley for France
• named it Louisiana in honor of the French king, Louis XIV

Question 25

Jamestown

Answer 25

- coast of Virginia - named in honor of the English king, King James, who sent 3 ships with 100 settlers to here - settlers were mostly single men who didn't want to build towns or raise families but participated in trade - England's first permanent settlement in North America - it's start was terrible - the settlers were more intersted in finding gold than planting crops - during the first few yrs, 7/10 ppl died of hunger, disease, ot battles with the native americans - they eventually began to plant

Question 26

Pilgrims

Answer 26

- persecuted for their reilgious beliefs in England - sought religious freedom - 1620= founded a second English colony; PLYMOUTH in Massachusetts

Question 27

Puritans

Answer 27

- also sought religious freedom from England's Anglican Church - established a larger colony at Massachusetts Bay - they wanted to build the model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow - early difficulties, gradually got better - numerous families, unlike the sinlge, male population in Jamestown

Question 28

Henry Hudson

Answer 28

- Englishman in service of the Netherlands - 1609= sailed west, searching for northwest sea route to Asia-unsuccessful - he exploered 3 waterways that were later named after him (Hudson River, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait)

Question 29

New Netherland

Answer 29

- the Dutch holdings in North America - slow to attract colonists - to encourage settlers the comoly opened it's doors to a vaiety of peoples - the Dutch established furtrade woth the Iroquois Indians - they built trading posts along the Hudson River ar Fort Orange (Albany) and on Manhattan Island - Dutch merchants formed the Dutch West India Comapny - 1621= the Dutch gov grated the company permission to colonize the rigion and expand fur trade - profited from fur trade

Question 30

Colonizing the Caribbean

Answer 30

- 1600s - French= seized control of present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Marinique - English= settle Barbados and Jamaica - Dutch= captured modern-day Antilles and Aruba from Spain - cotton and sugar plantations, where enslaved Africans would work - French, English, and Dutch battle eachother for colonial supremacy - the English defeat the Dutch (the Dutch surrendered - 1750= 1.2 mil English settlers lived in 13 colonies from Maine to Georgia

Question 31

the French and Indian War

Answer 31

- war between the English and French in North America - they also fought for supremacy in Europe, the West Indies, and India - became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years War - the French surrendered their North American holdings - British siezed control of the eastern half of north America

Question 32

French and Dutch's relationship with the Natives

Answer 32

- mutual benefits of the fur trade - Native American did most of the trapping and then trader furs to the French for guns, hatchets, mirrors, and beads - the Dutch cooperated with the Native Americans in an effort to establish a fur-trading enterprise

Question 33

English relations with Native Americans

Answer 33

- early relations= ok - worsened over the issues of land and religion - English wanted to move natives off the land to grown tabacco - they thought of the Native Americans as heathans (people without a faith) - Puritans viewed Native Americans as agents of the devil ans as a threat to their godly society - Native Americans developed a similarly harsh view of the European invaders

Question 34

Metacom

Answer 34

- King Philip - Native American ruler - King Philip's War= bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans - started when he led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts - both sides massacred hundreds of victims - colonoist defeated natives