BIOL 1410 > UNIT 16 - URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

UNIT 16 - URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

(43 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What structures are included in the urinary system?

(Overveiw)

A
  • 2 kidneys
  • 2 ureters
  • 1 urinary bladder
  • 1 urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

(Overveiw)

A
  • Regulates
  • Eliminates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the urinary system regulate?

(Overveiw)

A
  • Blood volume & pressure
  • pH
  • Concentrations of each ion in blood (Na+, Ca++, K+, Cl-)
  • Secretion of renal hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the urinary system eliminate?

(Overveiw)

A
  • wastes (urea, uric acid)
  • Hormones
  • Drugs
  • Toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or False:

The kidneys are retroperitoneal and the left is lower than the right.

(Structures)

A

FALSE
* The kidneys are retroperitoneal and the RIGHT is lower than the LEFT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What 3 layers of connective tissue support and protect the kidneys?

(Structures)

A
  • Fibrous capsule: Inner layer
  • Perirenal fat capsule: Middle layer
  • Renal fascia: Outer layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the renal hilus (hilum)?

(Structures)

A
  • The medial indentation of the kidneys
  • Entry point of: Renal artery (superior), renal vein (inferior), ureter, nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the superficial layer of the kidneys and what does it contain?

(Structures)

A

The Renal Cortex contains:
* Parts of nephrons
* Afferent and efferent arterioles as well as capillary beds called glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the renal medulla contain?

(Structures)

A
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal columns
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the renal pyramids.

(Structures)

A
  • Apex (side towards renal pevis) is called the renal papilla
  • Contains parts of nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe renal columns.

(Structures)

A
  • They are projections of cortex into the medulla
  • They separate pyramids
  • They contain arteries, veins, and nerves that supply the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

(Structures)

A
  • Central collecting chamber for filtrate/urine
  • Recieives filtrate/urine from major calyces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are calyces?

(Structures)

A

Major calyces recieve filtrate/urine from minor calyces which are small cup shaped structures that surround the renal papilla

Apex of papilla -> minor calyces -> major calyces -> ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

(Structures)

A

The nephron

Is microscopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a nephron composed of?

(Structures)

A
  • Renal corpuscle
  • Renal tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

(Structures)

A

In the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the site of blood filtration, which is the first step in urine formation.

(Structures)

A

The renal corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four parts of the renal corpuscle?

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Afferent arteriole
  3. Efferent arteriole
  4. Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule
19
Q

What is the glomerulus?

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • The capillary bed (endothelium formed of simple squamous epithelium)
  • Has many fenestrations (pores) between cells
20
Q

What are the afferent and efferent arterioles?

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Afferent: enters glomerulus; carries blood delivered to kidney from renal artery
  • Efferent: exits glomerulus; drains into peritubular (of cortical nephrons) and vasa recta (of juxtaglomerular nephrons)

Aff = In, eff = exit

21
Q

What is glomerular (bowman’s) capsule?

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Surrounds and collects filtrate from glomerulus
    Has 2 layers:
  • Outer layer is simple squamous epithelium
  • Inner layer is made of podocytes that wrap around glomerular capillaries
22
Q

What does the filtration membrane consist of?

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Glomerular endothelium (capillaries): pores allow plasma through but not formed elements
  • Shared Basement membranes of aff + eff
  • Podocytes: have many finger-like projections that form a network of filtration slits
23
Q

What makees up the renal tubules?

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  2. Nephron loop
  3. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  4. Collecting ducts
24
Q

Describe the PCT

location, cell type, what it does

(Structures)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • In the cortext
  • Recieves filtrate from glomerular capsule
  • Cells are cubidal epithelium with dense microvilli
  • Reabsorbes most useful substances
  • Secretes waste products into filtrate
25
Describe the nephron loop (loop of henle). ## Footnote (Structures)
* In medulla * Decending (thin) is simple squamous epithelium & highly water permeable * Ascending limb (thick) is simple cuboidal epithelium & water impermeable
26
Describe the DCT. ## Footnote (Structures)
* In cortext * cuboidal epithelium
27
Describe the collecting ducts. ## Footnote (Structures)
* In cortext & medulla * Drain filtrate from nephrons into minro calyces * Contain cells that regulate water & Na+ reabsorption and acid/base balance of the blood
28
What are the 2 types of nephrons? ## Footnote (Structures)
* Cortical (85%) * Juxtamedullary (15%)
29
What are cortical nephrons? ## Footnote (Structures)
* Renal corpuscles near kidney surface in cortex * Short nephron loop that dips into outer medulla * Has peritubular capillaries that branch from eff. and surround DCT & PCT
30
What are juxtamedullary nephrons? ## Footnote (Structures)
* Renal corpuscles in cortex near medulla * Long nephron loops that go deep into medulla * allow for production of dilute or concentrated urine * Capillaries called vasa recta that run parallel to nephron loop
31
What is the Juxtaglomerular complex (apperatus)? ## Footnote (Structures)
* regulates the rate of filtrate formation * Point of contact between end of ascending limb, aff + eff at renal corpuscle of same nephron
32
What are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular complex? ## Footnote (Structures)
* Tubular portion - Macula densa * Vascular (arteriolar) portion
33
Describe the tubular portion. | of the juxtaglomerular complex ## Footnote (Structures)
* Modified (tall & narrow) disctal ascending nephron loop cells * monitor filtrate composition
34
Describe the vascular (arteriolar) portion. | of the juxtaglomerular complex ## Footnote (Structures)
* Aff + eff portion = granular cells * modified smooth muscle cells that monitor BP * secrete enzyme/hormone that helps regular BP & ion balance
35
What do ureters do, and are they retroperitoneal? ## Footnote (Structures)
* Transports urine from renal pelvis to bladder * Yes they are
36
Describe the histology of the ureters. ## Footnote (Structures)
* **Mucosa:** transitional epithelium (stretches) * **Muscularis externa:** smooth muscle * **Adventitia:** Smconnects ureter to body wall
37
What does the urethra do? ## Footnote (Structures)
* Drains urine from bladder * transports urin & semen
38
Describe the histology of the urethra. ## Footnote (Structures)
* **Mucosa:** Transitional to stratfied squamous epithelium * **MUsclaris externa:** Smooth muscle * **Adventitia only**
39
# True or False: Two sphincters surround the proximal end of the urethra ## Footnote (Structures)
True
40
Describe the two spincters of the urethra ## Footnote (Structures)
* **Internal urethral sphincter:** Smooth muscle; thickening of detrusor muscle at base of bladder * **External urethral sphincter:** Skeletal muscle; in urogenital diaphragm
41
Describe the order that filtrate moves through structures ## Footnote (Filtrate movement)
Several DCTs -> Collecting ducts (exit at renal papilla) -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder -> urethra
42
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)? ## Footnote (Related medical conditions)
* Bacterial infection of the mucosa of the bladder and/or urethra (most common) * Can also involve ureters and kidneys (less common)
43
What is glomerulonephritis? ## Footnote (Related medical conditions)
Inflammation of the glomeruli and structures of the filtration membrane that impairs their ability to filter blood plasma
BIOL 1410
flashcards
Decks in class (18)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions