Atoms with the same number of protons, different
number of neutrons
Isotopes
Describe likely
position of electrons as they
move around the nucleus
Orbitals
represent energy levels
based on distance from
nucleus
Shells
positive charge
– Fewer electrons than protons
Cations
negative charge
– More electrons than proton
Anions
Even nonpolar molecules have regions that are
(briefly) positively or negatively charged
– Electrons move continuously and may accumulate by chance
in one region, then another
Van der Waals Interaction
nteractions are weak and occur
when molecules (or parts of molecules) are very
close togethe
Van Der Waals reactions