1
Q
this is associated with a visible specialization of the cytoplasm called germplasm
A
gametogenesis
2
Q
- production of mature sperm cells
- spermatogonia undergo rapid mitosis to produce more stem cells before puberty
- follicle stimulating hormone modifies spermatogonia division
A
Spermatogenesis
3
Q
- late spermatids are produced with distinct regions
- sperm cells result after maturing of spermatids
- spermatogenesis takes 64 to 72 days
A
Spermiogenesis
4
Q
spermiogenesis take _____ to ____ days
A
64 to 72
5
Q
- the development of mature ova
- it happens during meiotic division
- it has long resting periods
A
Oogenesis
6
Q
In meiosis, males produces ___ functional sperm while females produces ___ functional ovum and ___ polar bodies
A
four, one, three
7
Q
they are tiny, motile and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
A
sperm
8
Q
this is large, non-motile and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
A
Egg
9
Q
what are the structures of sperm
A
head, neck/midpiece, tail
10
Q
- must allow sperm to travel long distances , using plenty of energy
A
flagella
11
Q
this is the motor portion of sperm
A
axoneme
12
Q
-upon release, mammalian sperm are able to move but do not yet have the capacity to bind an egg
A
sperm capacitation
13
Q
- it stores all material for beginning of growth and development
- it conserves and acquires more cytoplasm as it matures
A
ovum
14
Q
it contains glycoproteins essential for species and sperm binding
A
Vitelline envelope
15
Q
this is beneath the cell membrane
A
cortex
16
Q
this attract or activate the sperm
A
cortical granules
17
Q
this is the extra coating made of extracellular matrix
A
zona pellucida
18
Q
layer of cells that nurture the egg and the innermost layer is called corona radiata
A
cumulus
19
Q
this is the innermost layer of cumulus
A
corona radiata
20
Q
fusion of two gametes to create new individual, with a genome different from both parents
A
fertilization
21
Q
what is the two major goals of fertilization?
A
- joining of genetic material to create new variations
- creation of new organism
22
Q
4 major events of fertilization
A
- sperm and egg make contact and must recognize each other as the same species
- one sperm enters egg
- fusion of the genetic material
- activation of egg to begin development
23
Q
two mechanisms evolved to address the external fertilization
A
- species-specific attraction of sperm
- species-specific sperm activation
24
Q
sea urchins have ________ peptide in the egg jelly of the egg
A
resact
25
what are the components of acrosome reaction?
1. the fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the sperm cell membrane
2. the extension of the acrosomal process
26
In S. purpuratus, the acrosomal process contains a process called __________
bindin
27
- it is the fusion of the egg and sperm cell membrane
- it restores the diploid chromosome number
- sperm centriole becomes the mitotic spindle
monospermy
28
- this is disastrous fusion of egg and sperm cell membrane
- results in triploid nucleus
- multiple mitotic spindles form
Polyspermy
29
- the egg has different ionic concentration from the seawater in which it exist
- egg has lower sodium ion concentrations, higher potassium concentration
Fast block to polyspermy
30
the difference in charge across the egg membrane can be measured as -70mV and is called ____________
resting membrane potential
31
It can be induced if an electric current is applied to artificially keep the sea urchin egg membrane potential negative
polyspermy
32
- it is slower, mechanical, permanent block
- occurs about a minute after sperm-egg fusion
- upon sperm entry, cortical granules fuse with the cell membrane and release several molecules
Slow block to polyspermy
33
This is directly responsible for propagating the cortical granule reaction, and that these ions are stored within the egg itself
Ca2+
34
This is a calcium ionophore transports Ca2+ across lipid membranes
A23187
35
It is often depicted as nothing more than the means to merge two haploid nuclei, it has an equally important role in initiating the processes that begin development
Fertilization
36
- this is the releaser of Ca2+
- responsive calcium channels, found in the egg endoplasmic reticulum
IP3
37
this is the generator of IP3
Phospholipase C
38
2 effects of calcium release in activation of sea urchin egg metabolism
early response and late response
39
this is mediated by sodium influx into the cell
fast block
40
this is mediated by the intracellular release of Ca2+
cortical granule reaction or slow block
41
the late responses of fertilization include the ____________ and __________
Activation DNA and protein synthesis
42
In sea urchins, the fusion of egg and sperm causes the intracellular pH to _________
increase
43
- after the sperm and egg cell membrane fuse, the sperm nucleus and its centriole separate from the mitochondria and flagellum
- fertilization in sea urchin eggs occur after the second meiotic division so there is already haploid female pronucleus present when the sperm enters the egg cytoplasm
Fusion of Genetic material in sea urchin
44
1. mammalian fertilization occurs inside the oviducts of the female
2. the sperm population is ejaculated into the female is probably heterogeneous, containing spermatozoa to different stages of maturation
3. there may be multiple mechanisms by which mammalian sperm can undergo the acrosome reaction and bind to the zona pellucida.
internal fertilization
45
getting sperm through the cervical mucus and into the uterus
sperm motility
46
sperm transported to the oviduct
uterine muscle contractions
47
migrate against the direction of the flow
sperm rheotaxis
48
change undergone by sperm in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize and egg
Capacitation
49
the sperm cell membrane is altered by the removal of cholesterol by albumin
Lipid changes
50
particular changes or carbohydrates on the sperm surface are lost during capacitation
protein changes
51
- ability to sense temperature difference and preferentially swim from cooler to warmer sites
- found only in capacitated sperm
- 2 degree celcius between the isthmus of the oviduct and the warmer ampullary region
Thermotaxis
52
oocyte is accompanying cumulus cells secrete molecules that attract capacitated sperm toward the egg
- progesterone, made by the cumulus cells, as a directional cue
Chemotaxis
53
this is far thicker and denser structure
Zona
54
- it was shown to be critical for human sperm-egg binding
- it is clipped by the protease ovastacin and loses its ability to bind sperm
ZP2
55
it was the other candidate for binding sperm
ZP3
56
it is originally found in the membrane of the acrosomal granule
izumo
57
it binds to an oocyte protein called juno
izumo
58
this is an oocyte protein called ________
Juno
59
it is involved with sperm-egg fusion
CD9
60
this is found in the cortical granule of unfertilized eggs
Ovastacin
61
the DNA of the sperm pronucleus is bound by ___________
protamines
62
- rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ is necessary for egg activation in mammals
- in sea urchins, fertilization triggers intracellular Ca2+ release through the production of IP3 by the enzyme phospholipase
- mammalian PLC responsible for egg activation and pronucleus formation come from the sperm
Activation of egg to begin development
DevBio ni Ma'am K
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
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Unit 121
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Unit 262
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Unit 396
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Chapter 11-Reporting115
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Chapter 12- Reporting112
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Chapter 13- Reporting48
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Chapter 9- Reporting116
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Chapter 19- Reporting55
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Chapter 15- Reporting0
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Chapter 16- Reporting0
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Chapter 17- Reporting33
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Chapter 18- Reporting43
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Chapter 14- Reporting43
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Part V- Reporting0
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Part VI- Reporting0
