What is the Bering Land Bridge Theory?
The theory that First Peoples traveled from Asia across a land bridge through the Alaska- Bering Strait since the ice masses would melt and expose land underneath were people could cross. They were most likely following herds of animals. They were now able to spread out across North America since the ice had melted.
What is the Solutrian Theory?
The theory that people would travel along the ice on their boats from Europe, but make stops on the ice along the way. They would eat seals as their food source. People believe this because of ancient tools found that are approximately 32 000 years old [found through carbon dating].
What is a Worldview?
A theory about how the world works. It defines your identity and connect you to your ancestors.
Scurvy
Lack of vitamin C
Cod
The abundance of cod fish in Newfoundland attracted the Europeans to Canada because they depleted their fish in Europe.
Vikings
Vikings are the first Europeans to come to Canada. Came 1000 years ago and stayed for 3 years in Newfoundland (they called it Vinland)
What were some of the motivations for European arrival in Canada?
- Europeans wanted to find the Northwest passage to Asia (specifically India and China) for their silk and spices
- UNFINISHED
How were the Native Peoples of Newfoundland treated by the first PORTUGESE fishermen and merchants in Newfoundland?
Kidnapped and disrespected 50 of the FN. They only viewed them as slave material since they were bigger, stronger, and taller. And those 50 they kidnapped, they died from European diseases.
What can creation stories do for people?
Creation stories help people understand their origin, give them a sense of unity with their community, understand people’s traditions (when WE learn creation stories), and where they came from because creation stories can be shaped by what region they are from.
What are the protocols for the passing on of stories?
Someone must approach an elder with a gift (usually tobacco) and actively listen, attentively, and respectfully about their stories and lessons.
Why do many First Peoples resist DNA testing?
It is because they see it as invalidating their traditional view of their origins since they believe that they have been in Canada since time immemorial
What were common features of First nations social structure pre-Euro Arrival?
Their clan structure was based on common ancestry, based on territory, around a chief, and/or either patrilineal or matrilineal
What were common features of First nations economic structure pre-Euro Arrival?
They didn’t have currency but they traded between communities. And it was to gain an item/goos that they can’t produce themselves. It is beneficial for both sides, and it can be for natural resources or they could be trading for cultural and technological purposes like marriage, or military alliance.
What were common features of First nation’s political structure pre-Euro Arrival?
Decisions are made through discussions and consensus and you must here everyone’s point of view as they are all obligated to say whatever they need. They also think about how decisions can affect 7 generations ahead,
Creation Narrative
Story of how this world was created.
Northwest Passage
A passage the Europeans believed would lead to China and India to acquire spices and silk.
John Cabot
Giovanni Caboto. Italian. He found Newfoundland, cod fish, and was given permission from the King to claim land from Pagans and/anyone who isn’t Christian (Practice Terra Nullius)
Terra Nullius
Is an Italian term meaning “Land belonging to no one.” Used to claim land for their European countries, believing no one owned it.
How did Terra Nullius reflect European attitudes at the time?
The Europeans believed North America did not belong to the First Nations because they believed them to be sub-human and since they were Pagans, they could take the land and claim it for themselves.
What were some of the motivations for European arrival in Canada? (Four things)
In Europe, many countries and factories have already exploited and depleted the natural resources they have in their nations like trees for buildings and fish for food. They also never thought to replenish or regrow them so now their land is barren. With the abundance of trees, fish, gold, and other resources in Canada, Europe can now live comfortably.
Mercantilism
Europe constantly competed for power and land. Now with this new vast land, they were able to expand their empires and claim more land for themselves in North America (this is called colonialism). They also competed for the resources to BUILD their economy and earn more than each other.
First Nations people did not believe in Christianity and the Europeans saw this as an opportunity to expand the Christian faith and totally disregarded First Nation’s spiritual beliefs. Religious leaders then contributed to their own countries exploration contributions and expanded their empires in the name of spreading Christian Faith
How did Europeans and First Peoples view each other when they first came in contact? Who allied with who? (Use the story of Donnacona and Cartier as an example)
The First Nations were welcoming but Donnacona was still apprehensive and upset towards Cartier because he set up a cross stating it was only a landmark when in reality he was claiming land for French. Especially even more so because he kidnapped his two sons by first baiting them on to their ship as if to trade metal.
The Europeans only viewed them as good slave material.
Who allied with who? (what the vague)
Wendat = French, Britain = Haudenosunee
How did the colony of New France come into being?
Champlain established a colony at Port Royal that only lasted for 3 years and led the Canada and Acadia company which
How was the colony of New France governed?
The Sovereign Council
Government, social structure, and economy modeled after “Old” France.
It is ran by 3 people: The Intendant, Governor, Bishop, and they also have 5 counselors who help serve them.
