12U Chemistry > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chem?

A

study of organic compounds which are based on carbon backbones (hydrocarbons)

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of carbon molecules containing single bonds?

A
  • saturated
  • nonreactive because of strong bonds (hard to break)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of carbon molecules containing double and triple bonds?

A
  • unsaturated: the double and triple bonds are easier to break since additional electrons in the bond are more loosely bound to the nuclei
  • more reactive
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4
Q

What is an organic compound vs inorganic?

A

Organic:
- carbon bonded to carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and/or phosphorus
Inorganic:
- substance lacking carbon-hydrogen bonds

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

molecules that have the same molecular formula but their atoms are in a different arrangement

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6
Q

What are the types of hydrocarbons?

A
  • saturated: hydrocarbons only contain single bonds
  • unsaturated: hydrocarbons containing carbons double or triple bonded
  • cyclic: hydrocarbon chains that form rings
  • Aromatic: compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen based on aromatic benzene ring
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7
Q

What are functional groups and main components?

A

Functional groups: groups of atoms attached to the hydrocarbons
- Carbon-carbon multiple bonds
- Carbon and more electronegative atoms singlely bonded: stronger intermolecular forces, higher melting and boiling points
- Double bonded carbon and oxygen: higher melting and boiling points

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8
Q

What is an Alkane and what are the physical properties?

A

A hydrocarbon with only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Physical properties:
- non-polar/not water-soluble since attractive forces between alkane molecules>between alkane and water
- soluble in other non-polar solvents
- contain mostly LDF (weak)
- highly branched chain molecules have lower boiling points than straight chains because they have less surface area

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9
Q

What are Alkenes what are the physical properties?

A

A hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

  • Very similar to alkanes of the same molar mass
  • Melting points, boiling points, solubility and densities are very much like those of comparable alkanes (ie. alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms)
  • With two fewer H atoms, alkenes have a slightly lower boiling point than their comparable alkanes
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10
Q

What is an Alkyne what are the physical properties?

A

A hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.

  • Very similar to alkanes of the same molar mass
  • Melting points, boiling points, solubility and densities are very much like those of comparable alkanes (ie. alkanes of the same number of carbon atoms)
  • With two fewer H atoms, alkenes have a slightly lower boiling point than their comparable alkanes
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11
Q

What is an alkyl group?

A

a carbon group that “branches off” of the main chain

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12
Q

What is an aldehyde and what are their properties?

A
  • when the carbonyl group is attached to the end carbon
  • Carbonyl group is polar
  • lower boiling points/less soluble in water than alcohols
  • more soluble in water than hydrocarbons
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13
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon and properties?

A

A compound with a structure based on a benzene ring; a ring of 6 carbons and 3 alternating double bonds

  • non-polar, with van der Waals forces (weak) of attraction London dispersion forces
  • low solubility in water
  • low melting and boiling points
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14
Q

What are the types of alcohol?

A
  • Primary alcohol: the carbon the -OH group is attached to, is attached to only one other carbon atom
  • Secondary alcohol: the carbon the –OH group is attached to, is attached to only two other carbon atoms
  • Tertiary alcohol: the carbon the –OH group is attached to, is attached to only three other carbon atoms
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15
Q

What are aromatic alcohols?

A

an alcohol that contains a benzene ring (these are called phenols). they are used in preparation of plastics, drugs, etc.

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16
Q

What are the properties of alcohol?

A
  • hydroxyl group is polar, allows for hydrogen bonding (soluble in water)
  • higher melting/boiling points (LDF and hydrogen bonding)
  • as the hydrocarbon chain increases in length, solubility in water decreases (More LDF -> non-polar)
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17
Q

What are organic halides and what are their properties?

A

A compound of carbon and hydrogen in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by halogen atoms

  • carbon-halogen is polar
  • increased polarity
  • higher boiling/melting point
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18
Q

What are ethers and what are their properties?

A

Ethers are compounds where both sides of an oxygen is bound to an alkyl group

  • much less polar (no HB)
  • good solvents (mix with both polar/non-polar)
  • lower melting/boiling points
  • very flammable but chemically inert (stable at certain conditions)
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19
Q

What are aldehydes and their properties?

A
  • when the carbonyl group is attached to the end carbon
  • polar (D-D and LDF)
  • Lower boiling points and less soluble in water than alcohols
  • More soluble than hydrocarbons in water
  • Mix with both polar and non-polar substances (solvents)
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20
Q

What are ketones and their properties?

A
  • when the carbonyl group is attached to any of the carbons in the parent chain that is not an end carbon
  • polar (D-D and LDF)
  • Lower boiling points and less soluble in water than alcohols
  • More soluble than hydrocarbons in water
  • Mix with both polar and non-polar substances (solvents)
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21
Q

What is an oxidation reaction and how does it relate to aldehydes and ketones?

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A

a reaction in which there is a gain of oxygen atoms/bonds to oxygen or loss of hydrogen atoms (loss of electrons)
- oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate are used in sulfuric acid for these reactions

  • aldehydes and ketones can be prepared through controlled oxidation of alcohols
22
Q

What happens when a primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol is oxidized?

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A
  • primary: aldehyde is produced (water byproduct)
  • secondary: ketone is produced (water byproduct)
  • tertiary alcohols do not undergo this type of oxidation (no hydrogen atom is available to remove)
23
Q

What is hydrogenation in relation to aldehydes and ketones?

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A
  • carbonyl group undergoes additional reactions with hydrogen, happens at high temperatures and pressures with a metal catalyst
  • aldehyde/ketone + H2 (g) -> alcohol
  • reversal of oxidation and is called a reduction reaction
24
Q

What are carboxylic acids and their properties?

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A
  • weak acids (ex. lactic acid, found in fruits)
  • have distinctive odours
  • combines both a carbonyl with an alcohol group
  • Polar (H-B, D-D, LDF)
  • Can be distiguished using litmus paper (turns orange)
  • Higher melting points
25
How are carboxylic acids prepared?
- further controlled oxidation of an aldehyde results in the formation of a carboxylic acid - the carbonyl group gains another oxygen to form a hydroxyl group on the terminal carbon
26
How do breathalyzer tests work?
- Chromate when in it's oxidized state is Cr+6 and the colour orange - when air containing ethanol passes through, it oxidizes to form ethanoic acid - oxidization reduces the chromate ion to Cr+3 which has a green colour - more green means more alcohol in the breath
27
Why can't ketones be oxidized to form a carboxylic acid?
Since ketones are not on the terminal carbon, a carboxyl group cannot form of that part (octet is full)
28
What are esters and their properties?
- contain ester bonds (carbonyl group bonded to an O) - responsible for fruit and flower odours - esters are salts of carboxylic acids and alcohols - the ester bond is less polar and less soluble in water/lower melting points than carboxylic acids - gases at room temp, lower molecular mass
29
How are esters prepared?
- Formed by a condesation reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol (called esterfication) with a byproduct of water and H2SO4 as a catalyst
30
What is hydrolysis (saponificaion and water) relating to esters?
- Saponification: esters being treated with an acid or base (usually NaOH) to split the ester into its acid and alcohol (name the acid a sodium salt) - can use water to split the ester as well (a soap is not produced) (use H2SO4 as a catalyst)
31
What are amines and properties?
- derived from ammonia - contain a nitrogen bound to an alkyl group and/or hydrogen atoms - higher B/M points but lower than alcohols - smaller amines are readily soluble in water due to H-B and D-D - higher solubility in water when N-H bonding is present
32
How are amines prepared?
- made through the reaction between ammonia (NH3) with an alkyl halide which mades a primary amine - this can be done further with the primary amine and another alkyl, a secondary amine is formed - can be done further for a tertiary amine to be formed
33
What are amides and properties?
- carbonyl functional group bonded to a nitrogen atom - forming and breaking of the bonds in amides relate to peptide bonds - weak acids, generally insoluble in water - slightly soluble in water when H-B is present in N-H bonds - When N is bonded to two Hydrogens, higher BP and MP
34
How are amides prepared?
- carboxylic acid is reacted with ammonia or a primary/secondary amine (condesation and water is a byproduct) (h2So4 is a catalyst) - Amides can be hydrolyzed in H2So4 to produce a carboxylic acid and an amine (reversal)
35
What are the reactions of alkanes?
- combustion reaction: hydrocarbons exposed to oxygen to produce CO2(g) and H2O(g) - substitution reactions: hydrogen bonds being substituted for halogen atoms
36
What are the reactions of alkenes and alkynes?
- addition reactions: a hydrogen (hydrogenation) or halogen (halogenation) is added to the double or triple bond *Markovikov's Rule: when hydrogen halides or water are added to alkenes/alkynes, hydrogen atoms are bonded to the carbon within the double/triple with the most hydrogen atoms (hydrohalogenation H-X or Hydration with water)
37
What are the reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons?
- Substitution *not addition* - Benzene react with Br2 to which produces 3 possible isomers - reacts with nitric acid in the presences of sulfuric acid to for nitrobenzene - reacts with alkyl halides in the presence of an aluminum halide so the alkyl group attatches to the benzene ring
38
How are alkenes prepared from alkyl halides (elimination)?
- Alkyl halides can eliminate a hydrogen and a halide ion from adjacent carbon atoms and form double bonds - The presence of a hydroxde ion (like NaOH) is required
39
What are the products of oxidizing an alcohol?
an aldehyde/ketone and water
40
What is an example of a reducing agent?
H2
41
What are polymers?
- long molecule made by linking of many smaller molecules called monomers - can be made of one type or combination of different monomers
42
What are the types of polymers?
- Synthetic polymers: manmade, polymers that can be heated and moulded are called plastics, can be used to make fabrics (polyester) - Natural Polymers: in living systems like cotton, wool, linen, Ex. polysaccharide
43
What is addition polymerization?
- reaction where alkene monomers are joined through multiple addition reactions to form the polymer - Ex. Polyacrylamide gel (has cross-links)
44
What is polymer cross linking?
- polymer chains being linked together through cross linking to form networks - more cross linking -> chains held tight together -> stronger, inflexible
45
What is condensation polymerization?
- monomers combined through multiple condensation reactions forming polymer - each monomer MUST have two functional groups - esters can form at both ends of monomers (called polyesters)
46
What are polyamides?
- repeating amide functional groups - formed from one monomer with a carboxyl group at both ends, and one with amine group at both ends - Ex. Kevlar - Ex. Proteins: natural polyamide (amino acids)
47
What was the problem with old refrigerants?
- First, refrigerators used toxic gases like ammonia but coolant leakages were fatal which called for a change - Freons (CFC-12) where then used because they are inert (stable) at the lower atmosphere but it was found to be decomposing in the upper atmosphere with the chlorine atoms destroying the ozone layer
48
What new refrigerants are used now and issues?
- HCFCs and HFCs were found to be better since they readily decompose which leaves them less time to decompose in the upper atmosphere - The H atoms react with the hydroxyl groups in the atmosphere which decomposes the molecule - HFCs and preferred because they do not contain chlorine at all which is the reason for ozone depletion
49
What is blue bottle technology and how does it work?
- process used to recover and recycle halogenated hydrocarbons (like CFCs) from damaged or unused residential refrigerators/automotive air conditioners using absorption - the device acts like a sieve to capture refrigerant gases which are then sent to a central reclamation facility
50
What is one benefit and disadvantage of pharmaceuticals, polymers, pesticides and emerging organic contaminants and 2 solution to all?
- Pharmaceuticals prevent and treat disease but when excreted, they end up in rivers as wastewater treatment plants are not fully effective - polymers are low cost and light weight but aren't biodegradable - Pesticides prevent disease transmission but exposure can cause cancer and reproductive problems - Emerging organic contaminants like antibacterial soaps but it's byproducts are toxic and harder to degrade (wastewater treatments don't remove it) - upgrading wastewater treatments and designing molecules that work well and degrade safely
12U Chemistry
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