Unit 2

Question 1

What are the seven threats to biodiversity?

Answer 1

Habitat destruction
Habitat fragmentation
Habitat degradation
Overexploitation
Climate Change
Invasive Species
Disease

Question 2

What is the cause of the threats to biodiversity?

Answer 2

Humans and our growing populations

Question 3

What does I=PAT measure?

Answer 3

Impact a human population has

Question 4

What does P stand for in I=PAT?

Answer 4

Population

Question 5

What does A stand for in I=PAT?

Answer 5

Average income

Question 6

What does T stand for in I=PAT?

Answer 6

Level of technology

Question 7

What is an ecological footprint?

Answer 7

A calculation of how much area a person needs to sustain their daily life

Question 8

What were some aspects of the ecological footprint exercise?

Answer 8

Energy-friendly appliances/home
Meat intake
Car use/ carpool/ public transportation

Question 9

What is the primary cause of loss of biodiversity?

Answer 9

Habitat destruction

Question 10

What are intrinsic factors?

Answer 10

Factors that an organism has that puts it at higher risk of extinction

Question 11

What are some examples of intrinsic factors an organism can have?

Answer 11

Low reproductive rate, genetically not diverse, small species population, highly specialized habitat location (endemic)

Question 12

What is the best method for protection of biodiversity?

Answer 12

Preserving habitat

Question 13

Why is it hard to preserve habitat?

Answer 13

Humans use land for food, housing, and much more. The land is already spoken for in terms of human use. Makes it hard to preserve the limited land we have for habitat preservation.

Question 14

What areas around the world are more sensitive to habitat destruction compared to others?

Answer 14

Islands and coasts. When the population of these places increases so does the habitat destruction.

Question 15

Why are islands more sensitive to habitat destruction?

Answer 15

There is only so much land available. Japan is good example.

Question 16

How are grasslands being destroyed?

Answer 16

Turned into farmlands

Question 17

How are tropical rainforests being destroyed?

Answer 17

Deforestation (slash and burn)

Question 18

How are tropical deciduous forests being destroyed?

Answer 18

Deforestation (easier to clear than rainforest)

Question 19

How are mangroves being destroyed?

Answer 19

Cleared to create rice farms

Question 20

How are temperate forests being destroyed?

Answer 20

Cleared to make way for people’s housing (greater human density in these areas)

Question 21

How are wetlands being destroyed?

Answer 21

Filled, dredged, or polluted

Question 22

How are marine systems being destroyed?

Answer 22

Climate change causing coral bleaching

Question 23

How are alpine regions being destroyed?

Answer 23

Deforestation

Question 24

When a continuous habitat is broken apart, what are the 3 interrelated processes that impact biodiversity?

Answer 24

Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, changing land use where habitat was

Question 25

What are the two factors that determine the species on an island?

Answer 25

Immigration and extinction rates

Question 26

What two physical features affect immigration and extinction rates?

Answer 26

Size and distance from mainland

Question 27

Why does the island biogeography theory translate over to conservation?

Answer 27

When habitat fragmentation occurs it creates little island pockets of habitat.

Question 28

How does the island biogeography theory help conservation?

Answer 28

It provides a quantitative framework to assess how fragmentation impacts the number of species

Question 29

How does landscape ecology differ from island biogeography?

Answer 29

It accounts for spatial position of habitat fragments as well as size and distance from mainland.

Question 30

What are edge effects?

Answer 30

What physically happens when habitat is fragmented. Available habitat is converted into edge.

Question 31

How do edges differ from intact habitat?

Answer 31

Edges are microenvironments that may not support the same species as in the center. They are prone to invasive species and species extinctions.

Question 32

What is the difference between deterministic and stochastic?

Answer 32

Population pressure in deterministic come from individual movement, while stochastic has to do with genetic pressures on a smaller population, increasing vulnerability.

Question 33

What is a metapopulation?

Answer 33

Can be a "parent" population where smaller populations branch off or two similarly sized populations that rely on each other to prevent a loss.

Question 34

Do changes in landscape immediately impact population?

Answer 34

No, there is a time lag. Over time changes in species interaction and their response to the environment change with the fragment.

Question 35

What are the 5 conservation efforts for an increasingly fragmented landscape?

Answer 35

Protect and expand, enhance habitat quality, manage the entire landscape, increase landscape connectivity, plan long term

Question 36

What is an invasive species?

Answer 36

A species that enters a new habitat, spreads widely, and is likely to cause economic, environmental harm, or harm to humans.

Question 37

What is an introduced species?

Answer 37

A species living outside of its native environment introduced by human activity

Question 38

What is an invasional meltdown?

Answer 38

Things that occur in the environment that help introduced/invasive populations spread. Can be invasive species helping each other.

Question 39

What causes lag times for invasive species?

Answer 39

Physical changes in the landscape that increase species spread, and species with new genotypes that are better adapted to spread in environment.

Question 40

What are some examples of impacts of invasive species?

Answer 40

Water hyacinth crowding out native species (ecosystem mod), house gecko outcompeting native lizards for food, fire ants eliminate other ant species (aggression), nile perch (predator) eating native fish, minks interbreeding and breeding out original genome (hybridization- liger)

Question 41

How can we manage invasive species?

Answer 41

Monitor and eradicate (early detection), plan introductions of new species, maintain populations to a certain degree