Unit 2

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

The body’s natural defense mechanism against injury, infection, or tissue damage

It is protective and nonspecific to injury or tissue damage.

Question 2

What are the primary goals of inflammation?

Answer 2

• Remove pathogens or irritants
• Remove damaged tissue
• Promote tissue repair and healing

These goals help the body recover from injury or infection.

Question 3

What can trigger inflammation?

Answer 3

• Infection
• Trauma
• Burns
• Chemical injury
• Autoimmune reactions

These triggers initiate the inflammatory response.

Question 4

What are the local signs of inflammation?

Answer 4

• Redness (vasodilation)
• Heat (increased blood flow)
• Swelling (plasma moving into tissue)
• Pain (chemical mediators stimulating nerve endings)
• Loss of function

These signs occur at the site of injury.

Question 5

What are the systemic signs of inflammation?

Answer 5

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Leukocytosis (increased WBC)

These signs affect the whole body.

Question 6

Who are the first responders in inflammation?

Answer 6

Neutrophils

They arrive rapidly to fight infection through phagocytosis.

Question 7

Who are the later responders in inflammation?

Answer 7

Macrophages

They continue cleanup and tissue repair and release growth factors.

Question 8

What is the role of histamine in inflammation?

Answer 8

Vasodilation and capillary permeability

It contributes to the inflammatory response.

Question 9

What does bradykinin cause during inflammation?

Answer 9

Pain and swelling

It is a chemical mediator involved in the inflammatory process.

Question 10

What are the effects of prostaglandins in inflammation?

Answer 10

Fever and pain sensation

They are important chemical mediators in the inflammatory response.

Question 11

What happens to plasma during inflammation?

Answer 11

Plasma moves into tissues, causing swelling/edema

This fluid shift is a key feature of inflammation.

Question 12

What are some lab markers for active inflammation?

Answer 12

• C Reactive Protein
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
• Increased WBC

These markers indicate the presence of inflammation in the body.

Question 13

What conditions are associated with inflammation?

Answer 13

• Wounds
• Infections like cellulitis
• Trauma
• Autoimmune diseases

These conditions often involve an inflammatory response.

Question 14

What should be assessed to understand the severity of inflammation?

Answer 14

Both local and systemic signs

This assessment helps determine the extent of the inflammatory response.

Question 15

What does management of inflammation often involve?

Answer 15

• Rest and immobilization
• Pain control (pharmacological or non-pharmacological)
• Infection prevention
• Wound care and antibiotics
• Monitoring for complications

These interventions support healing and restore function.

Question 16

What are some nursing considerations for inflammation?

Answer 16

• Monitor for local vs. systemic signs
• Determine severity
• Implement interventions

These considerations are crucial for effective patient care.

Question 17

What is the term for inflammation associated with conditions such as wound infection, cellulitis, trauma, and autoimmune disease?

Answer 17

itis

Itis is a suffix used in medical terminology to denote inflammation.

Question 18

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 18

• Pain
• Swelling
• Redness
• Loss of function

These signs indicate the presence of inflammation and its effects on mobility.

Question 19

What occurs during the active inflammatory process?

Answer 19

• Local warmth
• Increased blood flow

These changes are part of the body’s response to injury or infection.

Question 20

What are common findings in the inflammatory process?

Answer 20

• Redness
• Tenderness
• Pertinent drainage

Inflammation can occur without infection and may result from trauma or autoimmune diseases.

Question 21

What is appendicitis?

Answer 21

Inflammation of the appendix caused by obstruction or infection

Early symptoms include pain near the umbilical region.

Question 22

Where does the pain from appendicitis often localize after starting near the belly button?

Answer 22

Lower abdominal quadrant (McBurney’s point)

This localization is a key indicator of appendicitis.

Question 23

What are potential systemic responses associated with appendicitis?

Answer 23

• Mild fever
• GI upset
• Leukocytosis

These responses indicate the body’s reaction to inflammation.

Question 24

What can happen if appendicitis is untreated?

Answer 24

• Potential rupture
• Spread of infection into the abdominal cavity (peritonitis)
• Abscess formation or generalized infection

Timely intervention is crucial to prevent serious complications.

Question 25

What imaging studies are commonly used to confirm **inflammation** in appendicitis?

Answer 25

* Ultrasound * CT scan ## Footnote These imaging techniques help visualize the appendix and assess for inflammation.

Question 26

What lab tests may indicate **immune activation** in appendicitis?

Answer 26

Elevated WBCs ## Footnote A high white blood cell count is often a sign of infection or inflammation.

Question 27

What are the **preoperative considerations** before surgery?

Answer 27

* Ensure patient safety * Understanding of planned procedures * Infection prevention * Skin preparation ## Footnote These steps are essential for a successful surgical outcome.

Question 28

What should be monitored **postoperatively** after an appendectomy?

Answer 28

* Infection * Bleeding * Ileus * Pain control ## Footnote Monitoring these factors is crucial for recovery.

Question 29

What are the **signs of rupture** in appendicitis?

Answer 29

* Guarding the abdomen * Rigid abdomen * Loss of pain ## Footnote These signs indicate a serious complication requiring immediate medical attention.

Question 30

What are the **preoperative considerations** before surgery?

Answer 30

* Ensure patient safety and understanding of planned procedures * Infection prevention: hygiene, prophylactic medications, skin preparation * Teach patients breathing exercises, mobility techniques, and relaxation strategies * Manage diet restrictions (e.g., fasting) to reduce risk during anesthesia * Informed consent is necessary for all procedures * Hair removal at surgical site * Jewelry, hearing aids, dentures must be removed * Notify provider if patient has taken anticoagulants, GLP1, aspirin * Patients should not shave before surgery ## Footnote NPO 6-8 hours preop to reduce aspiration risk.

Question 31

What is the biggest allergy concern in the **operating room (OR)**?

Answer 31

Latex ## Footnote Awareness of allergies is critical for patient safety.

Question 32

What is the role of the **scrub nurse** during surgery?

Answer 32

* Handles instruments * Maintains sterile field * Counts sponges and sharps ## Footnote The scrub nurse plays a vital role in ensuring sterility and safety.

Question 33

What is the role of the **circulating nurse** in the intraoperative area?

Answer 33

* Monitors environment * Positions patient * Does charting * Handles specimens ## Footnote The circulating nurse ensures the overall safety and efficiency of the surgical environment.

Question 34

What is **malignant hyperthermia** and its treatment?

Answer 34

* Symptoms: tachycardia, rapid temperature rise, rigidity * Treatment: dantrolene through IV, then cooling process ## Footnote Malignant hyperthermia is a critical emergency during surgery.

Question 35

What are the **immediate priorities** in the postoperative phase?

Answer 35

* Airway * Breathing * Circulation (ABCs) ## Footnote These priorities are essential for patient recovery in the PACU.

Question 36

What should be monitored for in the **postoperative phase**?

Answer 36

* Respiratory compromise * Obstruction and hypoxia * Bleeding * Infection * Urinary retention * Pain control and management * Monitor LOC and respirations ## Footnote Continuous monitoring is crucial for patient safety and recovery.

Question 37

What techniques should be encouraged in the postoperative phase?

Answer 37

* Incentive spirometry * Coughing * Deep breathing * Early ambulation ## Footnote These techniques help prevent complications and promote recovery.