In what situation is Diagnostic testing done?
If the results of the blood/urine test shows an atypical chemical concentration
Explain why biochemical tests are done in conjunction with dating scans
- This is because marker chemicals usually vary during pregnancy
- Measuring a chemical at the worng time could lead to a false positive or false negative result
Describe Amniocentisis
Uses a small amount of amniotic fluid from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus to check for genetic disorders
* Carried out at 14-16 weeks
* ~2 weeks wait for results
Describe Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
Tests a sample of cells from the mother’s placenta for genetic disorders
* Carried out as early as 8 weeks
* No wait for results - karyotyping begins immediately
What is a Karyotype?
Shows an individual’s chromosomes arranged as homologous pairs. They are used to diagnose a range of conditions.
How is a karyotype made?
Cells from samples can be cultured to obtain sufficient cells to produce a karyotype.
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Unit 1 - 1.1 - Division and Differentiation in Human Cells7
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Unit 1 - 1.2 - Cellular Differentiation and Stem Cells7
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Unit 1 - 1.3 - Therapeutic Uses of Stem Cells5
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Unit 1 - 1.4 - Cancer5
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Unit 1 - 2.1 - DNA Basics (N5)6
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Unit 1 - 2.2 - Structure of DNA7
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Unit 1 - 2.3 - DNA Replication7
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Unit 1 - 2.4 - PCR6
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Unit 1 - 3.1 - Gene Expression4
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Unit 1- 3.2 - RNA6
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Unit 1 - 3.3 - Transcription7
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Unit 1 - 3.4 - Translation7
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Unit 1 - 3.5 - Protein Structure5
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Unit 1 - 4.1 - Cell Mutations8
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Unit 1 - 4.2 - Single Gene and Chromosome Structure Mutations4
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Unit 1 - 6.1 - Metabolic Pathways8
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Unit 1 - 6.2 - Inhibitors6
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Unit 1 - 7.1 - Human Genomics4
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Unit 1 - 8.1 - Respiration (Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle)7
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Unit 1 - 8.2 - Electron Transport Chain6
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Unit 1 - 8.3 - Energy Systems in Muscle Cells5
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Unit 1 - 8.4 - Muscle Fibres3
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Unit 2 - 1.1 - Male and Female Reproductive Systems5
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Unit 2 - 1.2 - Hormonal Influence On Puberty5
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Unit 2 - 2.1 - Hormonal Control Of Sperm Production3
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Unit 2 - 2.2 - The Menstrual Cycle7
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Unit 2 - 3.1 - Biology Of Controlling Fertility5
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Unit 2 - 3.2 - Treatments for Infertility9
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Unit 2 - 3.3 - Physical and Chemical/Hormonal Methods of Contraception8
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Unit 2 - 4.1 - Antenatal Screening5
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Unit 2 - 4.2 - Diagnostic Testing6
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Unit 2 - 4.3 - Postnatal Screening5
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Unit 2 - 4.4 - Patterns Of Inheritance6
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Unit 2 - 5.1 - Arteries, Capillaries and Veins7
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Unit 2 - 5.2 - Exchange of Materials through Capillaries8
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Unit 2 - 6.1 - Function of the Heart9
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Unit 2 - 6.2 - Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis7
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Unit 2 - 6.3 - Peripheral Vascular Disease3
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Unit 2 - 6.4 - Cholesterol5
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Unit 2 - 7.1 - Blood Glucose7
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Unit 2 - 7.2 - Diabetes5
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Unit 2 - 7.3 - Obesity and BMI4
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Unit 3- 1.1 - Structure of the Central Nervous System (CNS)5
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Unit 3 - 1.2 - Neurons4
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Unit 3 - 1.3 - Neural Pathways4
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3.3 - Memory2
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Unit 3 - 1.1 - Non-specific Immune Responses5
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Unit 3 - Specific Cellular Defences against Pathogens7
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Unit 3 - The Secondary Response4
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Unit 3 - Triggering Nerve Impulses4
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Unit 3 - Drugs6
