Unit 2 AOS1

Question 1

What is the tricomponent model of attitudes?

Answer 1

Three parts of our attitude toward something:
- affective
- behavioural
- cognitive

Question 2

Affective

Answer 2

Emotions about the topic

Question 3

Behavioural

Answer 3

actions related to the topic

Question 4

cognitive

Answer 4

thoughts about the topic

Question 5

Cognitive Dissonance

Answer 5

A situation involving conflicting feelings thoughts or behaviours (when the three don’t agree).
- causes feelings of discomfort or distress.

Question 6

Cognitive Bias

Answer 6

a systematic error in thinking when a person is processing information about the world, it results in an error in judgement and thinking.

Question 7

Heuristics

Answer 7

mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems and make judgements quickly and efficiently.

Question 8

When are heuristics useful?

Answer 8

When the risk of being wrong is low

Question 9

Confirmation Bias

Answer 9

favouring information that confirms our preexisting beliefs.

Question 10

Bandwagon Bias

Answer 10

adopting perspectives, behaviours or attitudes of others around you or because others are doing the same.

Question 11

Survivorship Bias

Answer 11

Focusing only on successful outcomes or individuals and overlooking failures.

Question 12

Anchoring Bias

Answer 12

tendancy to base judgements or decisions on the first piece of information recieved.

Question 13

Decoy effect

Answer 13

The practice of presenting irrelevant or misleading options to influence decision-making.

Question 14

Halo Effect

Answer 14

The tendancy to assume more positive qualities exist when seeing someone with one good quality.
e.g people assume taller men have more powerful jobs.

Question 15

Attributions

Answer 15

The process of attaching meaning to behaviour by looking for a cause to explain the behaviour.

Question 16

Personal attributions examples

Answer 16

(internal)
personality
motivation
ability
effort

Question 17

Situational attributions

Answer 17

(external)
environmental factors

Question 18

Fundamental Attribution error (F)

Answer 18

overestimating personal factors and underestimating situational factors when explaining causes of behaviour.
e.g. student is late to class
F - teacher thinks they’re lazy + irresponsible
situational factors - may have ignored that the student missed the bus.

Question 19

Attitudes

Answer 19

learned ideas we hold about ourselves, others, objects and experiences.

Question 20

Stereotypes

Answer 20

Oversimplified images of people who belong to a particular group causing them to appear more similar than they are.

Question 21

In Group

Answer 21

a group you belong to or identify with

Question 22

Out Group

Answer 22

any other group you don’t belong with

Question 23

Availability Heuristic

Answer 23

tendency to estimate the likelihood or importance of something based on how easily we can think of an example.
- using info that is emotional, recent or vivid to make decisions.

Question 24

Affect Heuristics

Answer 24

occurs when our current emotional state or mood influences our decisions.

Question 25

Prejudice

Answer 25

pre-judgement of a group of people, usually a negative attitude, based on incorrect information.

Question 26

Discrimination

Answer 26

action or behaviour expressing prejudice.

Question 27

Stigma

Answer 27

negative attitude based on a distinguishing characteristic.

Question 28

Inter-group contact

Answer 28

direct contact between in and out groups

Question 29

Sustained contact

Answer 29

co-operative interaction between groups who are prejudice towards each other.

Question 30

Social Norms

Answer 30

shared standard and social beliefs

Question 31

Indirect discrimination

Answer 31

when the same treatment is applied but disadvantages a group.

Question 32

Direct Discrimination

Answer 32

unfavourable treatment of a person based on a characteristic.

Question 33

Social Influence

Answer 33

how the presence of others can change our behaviour and choices.

Question 34

Group

Answer 34

a set of two or more people who interact with and influence one another.

Question 35

Collective

Answer 35

people that have minimal influence on each other.

Question 36

Power

Answer 36

a person's ability to control the thoughts or actions of members of the group.

Question 37

6 types of social power

Answer 37

- coercive - expert - informational - legitimate - reward - referential

Question 38

Groupthink

Answer 38

when people's desire to maintain group loyalty becomes more important than making the best choices.

Question 39

Groupshift

Answer 39

when discussion leads a group to adopt attitudes or actions that are more extreme than initial individual actions.

Question 40

Deindividuation

Answer 40

when people act in a certain way because of the anonymity that a group provides. - less self aware of their own principles and beliefs, instead adopts the group's.

Question 41

Collectivist culture

Answer 41

emphasise teamwork and doing the greater good for society.

Question 42

individualistic culture

Answer 42

focuses on individual achievement, independence and uniqueness.

Question 43

Pros of Media

Answer 43

- highly connected - enourmous access to information

Question 44

Cons of Media

Answer 44

- FOMO - fear of missing out - Digital Addiction - exposure to toxic ideas

Question 45

Addiction

Answer 45

a person being driven by an uncontrollable motivation to perform certain behaviours.

Question 46

Obedience

Answer 46

a type of social influence where someone acts in response to satisfy an order from an authority.

Question 47

Conformity

Answer 47

people modify behaviours, attitudes or ideas to conform to a group. - to be accepted or liked