Unit 2 APHuG

Question 1

What are the two main concepts involved in population growth?

Answer 1

Rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation.

Question 2

What does the demographic equation use to show population growth?

Answer 2

Birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration statistics.

Question 3

What is the birth rate also known as?

Answer 3

Natality.

Question 4

Where are high birth rates typically found?

Answer 4

Rural agricultural Third-World countries.

Question 5

Where are low birth rates typically found?

Answer 5

Urbanized industrial and service-based economies.

Question 6

What is the death rate also known as?

Answer 6

Mortality rate.

Question 7

What type of countries typically experience high death rates?

Answer 7

Countries experiencing war, disease, or famine, such as poor Third-World countries.

Question 8

What factors contribute to high death rates in certain countries?

Answer 8

Poverty, poor nutrition, epidemic disease, and lack of medical care.

Question 9

What is the Green Revolution associated with?

Answer 9

Increased food and nutrition, and access to sanitation, education, and health care.

Question 10

What is the rate of natural increase (RNI)?

Answer 10

The annual percentage of population growth of a country for that one-year period.

Question 11

What does a negative RNI indicate?

Answer 11

It means the population has shrunk.

Question 12

What societal changes contribute to negative RNI?

Answer 12

The deterioration of traditional roles of women as mothers and housewives.

Question 13

What is reduced fecundity?

Answer 13

When the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children.

Question 14

What are common household structures in areas with negative RNI?

Answer 14

Double-income no-kid (DINK) households and single-parent-single-child homes.

Question 15

What social trend is associated with negative RNI?

Answer 15

Higher rates of divorce.

Question 16

Does natural increase account for immigration or emigration?

Answer 16

No, it does not account for immigration or emigration.

Question 17

Can a country with a high rate of natural increase have a declining population?

Answer 17

Yes, it can have a declining population due to high emigration.

Question 18

What does natural increase not account for?

Answer 18

Immigration or emigration

A country with a high rate of natural increase can have an unexpectedly low long-term population prediction if there is a large amount of emigration.

Question 19

What is doubling time?

Answer 19

How long it would take for a country to double in size.

Question 20

What is the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)?

Answer 20

The estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45).

Question 21

What is the replacement rate in terms of TFR?

Answer 21

A TFR of 2.1.

Question 22

What is required for a large population regarding TFR?

Answer 22

2.1 children per female of birthing age.

Question 23

What does the dependency ratio indicate?

Answer 23

The number of people too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in the workforce.

Question 24

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

Answer 24

A theory of how population changes over time, providing insights into migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women.

Question 25

Can newly industrialized countries (NICs) be placed on the demographic transition model?

Answer 25

Yes, but the dates for significant turning points must be adjusted.

Question 26

What does the epidemiological transition model (ETM) account for?

Answer 26

Development due to increasing population growth rates caused by medical advances.

Question 27

What follows the phase of development in the population growth process?

Answer 27

A stabilization of population growth as procreation rates decline.

Question 28

Fill in the blank: The demographic transition model provides insights into issues of _______.

Answer 28

[migration, fertility, economic development, industrialization, urbanization, labor, politics, and the role of women]

Question 29

True or False: The epidemiological transition model is not related to medical advances.

Answer 29

False

Question 30

What must be changed for newly industrialized countries on the DTM?

Answer 30

The dates of significant turning points.

Question 31

What can predict how a population will change over time?

Answer 31

Population projection ## Footnote It speculates on how much a population can grow in size.

Question 32

What is the S-Curve of Population?

Answer 32

It describes rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to reaching or exceeding carrying capacity ## Footnote An example includes an animal population receiving abundant food or having predators removed.

Question 33

What characterizes Stage One of population growth?

Answer 33

Pre-agricultural societies engaged in subsistence farming and transhumance ## Footnote Birth and death rates are high and fluctuate due to various factors.

Question 34

What are the conditions of birth and death rates in Stage One?

Answer 34

Both rates are high, fluctuating due to climate, warfare, disease, and ecological factors ## Footnote Child and infant mortality rates are very high.

Question 35

What is the result of the conditions in Stage One?

Answer 35

Little population growth until later in Stage One when death rates begin to decline ## Footnote RNI is generally low or negative.

Question 36

Which countries exhibit characteristics of late Stage One?

Answer 36

Present-day Third-World countries engaged in long periods of warfare ## Footnote They display high birth and death rates.

Question 37

What typically characterizes Stage Two of population growth?

Answer 37

Agriculturally based economies ## Footnote This stage often sees improvements in health and sanitation leading to declining death rates.

Question 38

What characterizes Stage Two economies?

Answer 38

Typically agriculturally based economies ## Footnote Stage Two economies are defined by their reliance on agriculture as the primary economic activity.

Question 39

What happens to birth rates and life expectancy in Stage Two?

Answer 39

Birth rates remain high and life expectancy rises while death rates decline over time; RNI increases ## Footnote RNI stands for Rate of Natural Increase.

Question 40

What issues still affect infant and child mortality in Stage Two?

Answer 40

Lack of medical care and poor nutrition for expectant mothers and infants ## Footnote These factors contribute significantly to higher infant and child mortality rates.

Question 41

Where do the vast majority of populations in Stage Two countries live?

Answer 41

Rural regions ## Footnote This is due to agriculture's economic prominence in these areas.

Question 42

What characterizes NIC countries in terms of economic focus?

Answer 42

Economies that focus on manufacturing as the primary form of economic production and employment ## Footnote NIC stands for Newly Industrialized Countries.

Question 43

What trends are observed in birth and death rates in NIC countries?

Answer 43

Birth and death rates decline ## Footnote This decline is associated with improvements in healthcare and living standards.

Question 44

What is the population growth trend in NIC countries?

Answer 44

Rapid population growth; high RNIs; rapidly increasing rate of natural increase ## Footnote This reflects the transition from agricultural to industrial economies.

Question 45

What is Stage Three of the demographic transition model (DTM)?

Answer 45

Historically where most industrialized or manufacturing-based countries were found in the transition ## Footnote This stage involves a shift to a more service-based economy and urbanization.

Question 46

What key demographic changes occur in Stage Three of the DTM?

Answer 46

Birth and death rates decline due to urbanization ## Footnote Access to healthcare and contraceptives contribute to these changes.

Question 47

What medical advancements contribute to demographic changes in Stage Three?

Answer 47

Diffusion of fertility control and reduction of disease ## Footnote These advancements are due to improved healthcare access.

Question 48

What occurs in Stages Four and Five of the DTM?

Answer 48

Birth and death rates converge to result in limited population growth and population decline ## Footnote These stages reflect a mature economy with low birth and death rates.

Question 49

Which industries drive the economy in Stages Four and Five of the DTM?

Answer 49

Service industries such as finance, insurance, real estate, health care, and communications ## Footnote Manufacturing is declining during these stages.

Question 50

What percentage of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is derived from services?

Answer 50

80 percent ## Footnote Only 20 percent of GDP comes from manufacturing.

Question 51

What is zero population growth (ZPG)?

Answer 51

Birth rates reach the same level as death rates (RNI of 0.0 percent) ## Footnote This indicates a stable population size.

Question 52

What are the economic implications of an elderly population?

Answer 52

Fewer people investing money, resulting in stagnation and a lower tax base ## Footnote This can lead to challenges in supporting the rest of the nation.

Question 53

What labor market issue arises from a population near or below zero population growth levels?

Answer 53

Shortage of labor supply ## Footnote This can hinder economic growth and productivity.