1
Q
Name 3 Pelvic Landmarks and Quadrants
A
- Iliac Wings (crest)
- Umbilicus
- Symphysis Pubis
2
Q
PELVIC CAVITY see pic 1
A
- Ill-defined area of body where the trunk meets the lower limbs
- Bony pelvis lies in close relationship to cavity
- Female and Male * reproductive organs are mainly located in this cavity
3
Q
BONY PELVIS see pic 4
A
- Encloses a funnel – shaped cavity
- Inferior portion of Abdominopelvic cavity
- Divided into Pelvis major Pelvis minor
- Forms the funnel cavity
4
Q
PELVIS MAJOR also known as the False pelvis
see pic 7,8,9,10
A
- Also called FALSE pelvis
- Space between iliac fossa and its inferior boundary
- Defined by pelvic brim
- Part of abdominal Cavity
5
Q
**False Pelvis what organs are within?
A
Abdominal viscera: parts of small intestine Sigmoid colon and Abominal Muscles
6
Q
What muscles are in the Major Pelvis, False Pelvis
A
Psoas Major and Iliacus Muscles
7
Q
PELVIS MINOR ALSO KNOWN AS
The space below…..
A
True Pelvis
Most of the female reproductive organs lie here if Norm size
Space below the pelvic brim and enclosed by sacrum, ischium, pubis and portion of ilium
8
Q
What does the true pelvis contain? see pic 8,9,10
A
- U-Bladder
- Rectum
- Internal reproductive organs
- Portion of mobile GI tract
9
Q
What muscles are in the True Pelvic see pic 20, 21
A
- Obturator Internus
- Piriformis
10
Q
PELVIS MINOR/FALSE PELVIS see pic 2
what divides them?
A
- I_maginary line divides the True from false pelvis_
- Extends from Symphysis Pubis to Sacral Promontory
11
Q
What defines the Pelvic Brim
A
The False Pelvic
12
Q
Bony Frame Work of Pelvis
Is formed by? see pic 11
A
- the sacrum
- the coccyx
- paired os coxae
- (Hip Bones)
13
Q
THE SACRUM see pic 5
A
Along with the coccyx the sacrum makes up the posterior midline portion of the bony pelvis
Tips Posteriorly
14
Q
Where is the Sacrum? see pic 6
A
- Articulates with L-5
- Tips posteriorly
- Angle formed called Lumbosacral angle
- Transmits with of the body to hip bones, then to lower extremities
- Normally five sacral vertebrae fuse into a triangle-like mass*
15
Q
SACRUM see pic 5
A
Anteriorly the upper margin S1 forms the Sacral Promontory
This is the posterior landmark for the True Pelvis, inlet or pelvic brim
made up by the anterior sacral promontory
Is normally fused
Anterior surface of sacrum (pelvic surface) forms a concave curve
16
Q
Sacral Formina
What is it? what goes through?
Where are the openings?
how many are they? see pic 5
A
- Both anteriorly and posteriorly are rows of four openings
- This is where nerves pass thru
- Posteriorly surface of sacrum between formina and and fused spinous process from the median crest
- S-5 has no spinal or lamina referred to as Sacral hiatus
- This is where an epidural injection occurs
17
Q
Where is the COCCYX BONE?
Whats another name for the bone?
Where does it join?
Made by what?
fused by?
A
- most inferior portion of vertebral column
- Also called the tail bone
- Joined to sacrum by cartilage
- Usually made of 3-4 rudimentary (underdeveloped) vertebra
- usually fused by adulthood
18
Q
Does the Coccyk Bone offers support?
Where does it attach?
A
- Offers no support to vertebral column
- Provides attachment for Gluteus Maximus muscle
- Provides attachment for pelvic floor muscles
19
Q
Where is the OS COXAE see pic 3
what do each consist?
A
Innominate bones (paired) Lay person may refer to them as hip bones
Right and left ilium
Right and left pubis
Right and left ischium
20
Q
Right and left ILIUM see pic 3
Is it the smallest? Largest?
Where is it?
What aspect is in it?
Where does it originate?
A
- Largest of the three bones of the hips
- Superior part of the Ilium presents a large, wing-like surface called the ala
- Inner aspect of the ala is the illiac fossa
- This is the origination of the iliacus muscle
21
Q
What makes up the coccyk
A
is joined to sacrum by cartilage
its consist of four rudimentary vertebrae with no processes or foramina
22
Q
Where is the Illiac crest? in the Ilium see pic 3
A
Iliac Crest, most superior portion of the Illium
its an Xray landmark
23
Q
*What make up the pelvis?
A
Enclosed a funnel shape
Formed by
The Sacrum
The Coccyk
The Paired OS Coxae
The Hip bones
24
Q
Whats Posteriorly in the Illium see pic 3
A
Posteriorly ilium articulates with sacrum at the Sacroiliac joint
25
What in the Hip
What 3 make up the Pelvic Girdle
HIP (ball-and-socket, head of femur and acetabulum of pelvis)
2 Coxa bones (os coxae)
Illium
Ischium
pubis
26
Where does the Pubis Bone meet?
Meets in the anterior midline at SP (superior pubic)
_just lateral to the body forms the pubic turbercle and from this_ point the superior pubis ramus extends laterally to meet the illium
27
\*What Makes up the Sacrum?
The posterior midline portion of the bony pelvis and the anterior sacral promontory
Normally 5 sacral vertebrae to the lower extremities.they form the triangular mass articulates witht the 5 lumbar vertebra **superiorly** tilts to form the lumbosacral angle.
28
\*Urogenital Diaphragm Cheat notes
Lies immediately deep to the external Genitalia. Consists of Perinei Muscle and the External Anal Sphicter
External to Pelvic and Urogenital Diaphragm is the Perineum, which extends from the pubic arch to the tip of the coccyx. This is further divided by a line drawn between the ischial tuberosities,
29
\*What are Innominate bones
Two ilium
Two pubis
Two Ischium
30
\*Perineum is part of what?
also part of pelvic outlet
31
\*Perineum (also part of pelvic outlet)
Posterior Anal Region
Anterior Urogenital Region
32
\*Pelvic Diaphragm
Principle supporting structure supporting pelvic viscera
Forms a muscular **pelvic floor by the following two muscles (paired)**
**LAM MUSCLES AND COCCYGEUS**
**LAM** –Larger of two pelvic floor muscles, most important
Originate on pelvic surface of pubis and spine of Ischium, insert at coccyx, and the ipsilateral muscle
**Coccygeus-** Smaller of the two
Originate is spine of ischium, fibers fan out and inserts on the sacrum and coccyx
33
Pelvic
* Pelvic surcafe of superior margin of ramus is sharp and form the pectineal line
* Continuos with arcuate line of illium and scaral promontory to mark pelvic brim
* Inferior pubis ramus extends inferiorly from body to connect to with the ischium
34
Pubic Bones Description
* Inferior rami of pelvic bones meet at the SP to form the pubic arch
* Pubis arch also known as the subpubic angle
* Subpubic angle is 70 degrees in males and 80 degrees in females
* infeiror portion of hip bones is formed by the ischium
* illium, pubic and ischium meet in acetabulum where head of femur articulates
*
35
MUSCULAR COMPONENTS
Functionally muscles of pelvic wall are associated with movement of the thigh
Some are external to pelvis also
36
MUSCULAR COMPONENTS
Muscles of the false pelvis are mainly abdominal muscles Psoas (minor) and Iliacus These continue in the pelvis and then go on to the thigh
37
\*PSOAS MUSCLE
Described location, insertion, termination
Long, fleshy muscle
Muscle mass seen lateral to the vertebral bodies extends from abdominal to pelvis
Terminates and inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur (anterior thigh)
Works along with the iliacus
38
\*Obturator Internus Muscle OIM
Shape
cover.....
Wheres does it originate
know the path
Fan-shaped muscle
_Covers lateral wall of true pelvis_
Originates on inner surface of pelvic bones
Crosses over obturator foramen and closes off the opening
Leaves pelvis thru the lesser sciatic notch
Turns and inserts of medial surface of greater trochanter
39
PIRIFORMIS MUSCLE
Located partially on the posterior wall of the true pelvis and partially external to the pelvis, posterior to the hip joint
originates on the anterior surface of sacrum and passes through the greater sciatic notch to insert at greater trochanter
Closely related to sacral nerve plexus and rotates and abducts thigh
40
PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES
The floor of the pelvis is formed by the coccygeus and levator ani muscles (as viewed from above).
41
LEVATOR ANI (LAM)
Largest muscle of the pelvic diaphragm
Integrity of pelvic floor depends on the appropriate function of the LAM
42
WHAT ARE THE LEVATOR ANI MUSCLES
Made up of:
pubococcygeus, puborectalis iliococcygeus
43
MORE MUSCLES
Pelvic cavity viewed from above. The piriformis and obturator internus muscles pass out from the pelvis through the sciatic foramina to attach to the greater tuberosity of the femur. These muscles make up the pelvic wall along with iliopsoas
44
\*Obturator Internus
What type of shape?
where does it attach
Fan shaped muscle obturator is just inferior to insertion of OIM at greater trochanter
45
\*Obturator Internus
Muscles of pelvic wall and diaphragm
Originates at obturator foramen and pubic bone
Inserts into greater trochanter of femur medially
Rotates the thigh
**Hammocks the bladder posteriorly and laterally**
46
\*Piriformis
Originates at ilium and sacrum
Insets into greater trochanter of femur
Laterally rotates and adducts thigh
Lies deep posterior
47
Levator Ani
Females LAM are vulnerable during delivery childbirth
Can lead to urinary incompetence
and prolapse of uterus
Originate on pelvic surface of pubis and spine of ischium Fibers converge to insert on coccyx and some to colateral muscle
48
Coccygeus
Smaller of two pelvic diaphragm muscles
Origin is the spine of the ischium
fibers fan out to form a traingular sheet that inserts on sacrum and coccyx
49
\*ILIACUS
Fan-shaped muscle that originates along the crest and fossa of the ilium
Lines the iliac fossa
Appears lateral to Psoas minor
Fibers insert on femur with psoas
Appears to merge with psoas as one muscle
Similar function
Often referred to as iliopsoas if linked with Psoas minor
50
MUSCLE : TRUE pelvic wall
Obturator internus
Piriformis
51
Coccyx bone provides attachment where?
Pelvic floor muscles
52
Coccygeus muscle pic
53
Urinary bladder
Superior surface is covered by peritoneum Superior
This is the Body area
Posterior surface is fundus or base
Related to ant surface of vagina
54
Urinary bladder
Pyramid-shaped muscular organ
Rest on pelvic floor
Immediately posterior to SP
Function Temporary Reservoir for storage of urine
55
Urinary Bladder
what structure does it contain?
Bladder is anchored by what?
Bladder Neck
contains muscular sphincter.
Apex of bladder formed by superior/inferiorlateral surface
Bladder anchored to bladder by pelvic ligaments
56
Urethra
location
what does it contain
In both genders it passes thru urogenital diaphragm
This contains the urethral sphincter muscle
Female Urethra Short descends inferiorly and anteriorly while embedded in
57
Urethra
Male Much longer Extends from inferior portion of bladder to tip of penis Divided into three sections Prostatic Membranous Penile Longest portion Function Empty bladder and receive secretions from prostate and ejac ducts as well as bulbourethral glands
58
Urinary Bladder
Holds 200-250 mL of urine before urge is triggered
Has capacity of 750mL
Empty bladder has four serfaces Superior, Post
2-inf/lateral
59
\*Rectum the location
Where does it come from
how many cm
directional starts and end
Terminal portion of large intestine
Extends from S3 to tip of coccyx
Approximately 15cm
Follows ant/post curve of sacrum and coccyx and ends by an infer/anterior turn to become anal canal
60
\*Rectum function
The rectum is about eight inches long and serves, basically, as a warehouse for poop. It receives waste material from the colon and stores it until you have a bowel movement
61
Sacral Flexure
Anterioposterior of sacrum and coccyx
62
\*Location of the bladder? in female and male?
When the bladder is empty it lies in the true pelvis whenit fills it can extend to the abdomen In female the bladder rest on the pelvic floor posterior to the symphysis pubis
In the male the prostate gland is between the urinary bladder and the pelvic floor
63
Perineal Flexure
Turns inferior and anteriorly to become anal canal
Between two flexures is a fold of tussue
Kohlarausch’s Fold
64
Female Pelvis
Recutm is posterior to uterus
Uterus posterior to Bladder
Anal Canal posterior to vaginal vault
Vaginal Vault posterior to urethra
65
Uterus size
shape
location
Size:7.5-8cm L 5cm W 2.5-3cm AP Shape: Pear Shaped Location: Anterior portion of pelvis between bladder and rectum
66
Uterine Cavity
is peritoneum or peritoneal
Mobile, hollow muscular organ
Partially covered by peritoneum except anteriorly where bladder lays against it at the cevicalvaginal connection
67
Layers of the uterine tissue
which layer is thickest ?
by the fundus or the cervix?
during labor what part contarcts?
Perimetrium External serosal layer
Myometrium Middle muscle layer
by the fundux, labor contracts
Endometrium Inner mucous layer Continuous w/ lining of Vagina
68
Parts of the Uterus
Cervis, Body, Fundus
69
Cervix
Internal and External Cervical Os
Lower cylindrical portion that joins uterus to vaginal vault
Continuous with Lining
Endometrium Thinnest in cervix
70
Body of the body
middle third of uterus
Also referred to as central area
Area where there are dynamic changes of the Endometrium during menstrual cycle and pregnancy
71
Fundus of the uterus
Dome shaped superior projection of body
Just superior to where the interstitial portion of tube connects with endometrial canal
Superior to Endometrial Tissue
72
support to uterus
Uterus is supported in its midline position by paired Broad Ligament, round ligaments, uterosacral ligaments
73
\*Broad Ligament divides into...
What does it do?
Where?
Divides Pelvis into two compartments
Double fold of Peritoneum Gives lateral support. Attaches to lateral side wall
74
\*Broad Ligament
Once contains bladder, one contains rectum
Attaches to lateral side wall of pelvis, surrounding the tubes, round ligaments , ovary, paraovarium, connective tissue, unstriped muscular fiber, blood vessels and nerves
Upper edge of it encloses the tubes as it
extends from the cornua of uterus
75
\*Round Ligaments
Occupy space between layers of broad ligament and occur in front of and below of tubes
Two cords commence on each side of superior aspect of uterus and course upward and Lateral
to inguinal canal and labia
76
\*Ovarian Ligament
Cordlike thickening in broad ligament, attached the ovary to lateral wall of uterus
Utero-ovarian Ligament
77
\*Uterosacral ligament
Originate laterally at the level of internal os of cervix and pass downward along the sides of the rectum extending to S3,4
78
\*Suspensory Ligament
Carryies Ovarian Vessels
Attaches ovary to lateral pelvic wall
79
What do ligaments to
Support the ovaries, uterus, tubes
80
\*Cul De sacs
Posterior Pouch of Douglas Posterior Cul De Sac Located between uterus and rectum
Anterior Cul de Sac Vesicouterine Pouch Between Bladder and Anterior surface of Uterus
Space of Retzius Space between AAW and Bladder
81
Positions of the uterus Anteflexed
Common position esp with an empty bladder
body and fundus folded anteriorly towards the cervix Bent towards Bladder
(extreme tipping forward)
82
Uterine Positions Anteverted
Common with full bladder
Uterus tipped, but not bent towards bladder or anteriorl
83
Uterine Positions Retroflexed
Bent backwards or posteriorly towards rectum
84
Uterine Retroversion
entire uterus tilted backwards or towards the rectum.
Slightly more tilt in reality
85
\*External internal illiac arteries
and Internal Illiac artery
The external iliac artery follows the pelvic brim, then passes under the inguinal ligament to become the formal artery.
Medial to Psoas, anteriorly, anteriorly to EIV
Illiac artery is 4 cm long branches profusely.
Internal extend into pelvic along posterior wall and provide branches to profuse bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum (ant to IIV) posterior to ureters and ovaries.
Parietal branches- pelvic wall
viceral branches- pelvic organs
86
\*External Illiac vein location to External Illiac Artery
directional sup, medi...
Internal illiac vein location to Internal Illiac Artery
directional sup medial...
External illiac vein - medial to EIA
Internal illiac vein - Posterior to IIA
EIV-EIA
IIV-IIA
87
Supporting structures within the entire pelvis list 4
Ligaments, urogenital diaphragm, pelvic diaphragm
88
\*\*Whats not part of the bony pelvis inniminate bones
Coccyx and the sacrum
89
\*Obturator internus position?
Hammocks the bladder and is lateral
90
Piriformis (deep) position what its hes job in the pelvic floor
Rectum and lateral to the rectum
91
Area in relationship to the uterus general term
Adnexa
92
Fallopiam tubes also known as
Uterine tubes
93
\*whats the size of the uterus?
L7.5mm to 8
W= 5mm
H= 2.5- 3
94
\*Ovarian ligament is ditrection to uterus
Ovarian extends medially and meets lateral to the uterus wall
medial aspect of the ovary to lateral aspect to the uterus
95
\*What ligament carries the ovarian vessles
Suspensory
96
\* Whats the main fuction of the uterus
Nousrish and house carries the fetus
97
What are the two layers of the ovaries?
and what they carry?
cortex and medulla
cortex has the follicus and medulla has the nerves
98
\*Urinary bladder what size
holds 200-250ml before uruine before urge is triggered
has a capacity of 750 ml
empty bladder has four serfaces superior, post 2 inf and lateral
99
Peritoneal cavity is open in what?
Open in female and close in male
100
Pelvi diapgram is what?
which pelvis true or false?
what muscles make up the pelvic diapgram
group of muscles that line the floor true pelvis
101
Urogenital diaphgragm
list the muscles
4
Superficial muscular sheet that spans outlet of pelvis
made up of
transversus perineal
Bulbospongiosus
ishiocavernosus
Urethra spitcher
102
Utere is more anterior to what?
Vein
103
Name the parts of the Fallopian tubes
Indifibulum
Ampulla
Isthus
Inteistine
104
Cul de sac
name in order anterior tp posterior
1 space of retzius space between AAW and bladder
2. Vesicouterine pouch Anterior cul de sac between bladder and anterior surface of uterus
3. Posterior pouch of douglas posterior cul de sac located between uterus and rectum
105
Levantor ani locations
Lateral and inferior because hammocks
106
107
The size of the rectum?
is about the eight inches
108
Urethra is divided into three sections for men?
Prostiatic
membranous
Penile longerst portion
109
Female urethral?
directional
is short?
desdends inferiorly and anteriorly while embedded
110
what passes thru the urogenital diaphgrapm
its between what?
Urethra
The pelvic diaphgram and the perineum
111
Uterine postion Retroflexed
Bent backwards or posteriorly towards rectum
112
Uterine postion Retroversion
Entire uterus titled backwards or towards the rectum
slightly more tilt in reality
113
Whats the size of the fallopian tube
12 cm length, 1-4mm diameter
114
Fallopian tubes also called what
uterine tubes oviducts
115
Fallopian Tubes general info
Known as?
Texture of tubes?
Measurement?
Where are they?
what does it contain?
Also known as oviducts
Coiled muscular tubes
Open into peritoneal cavity
12cm length, 1-4mm diameter
Lie superior to ovarian ligaments, round ligaments and tubo-ovarian blood vessels
Contained in upper margin of broad ligament
116
FALLOPIAN TUBES
name the portions
which one is the longest?
which passes through cornua of fundus narrowest?
which one is most distenable?
which one is lateral segment?
Four anatomic portions
**Infundibulum**-Lateral segment, fimbrae
**Ampulla-middle**, most distend able\*\*, longest, most coiled
**Isthmus-**medial
**Interstitial-**passes thru cornua of fundus narrowest
117
Function of the uterus
UTERUS To house and nourish a developing fetus
118
Function of the tubes
Tubes To transport a mature egg for fertilization in distal tube. If fertilization doesn’t occur mature ovum gets sloughed off withendometrium during menses
119
OVARIES
Shape, size and where they lie?
Almond-shaped
Paired
Menarcheal Size 3 X 2 X 2 cm
Lie in Ovarian Fossa
120
Ovaries loaction
Location in the adnexa Posterior aspect of the broad ligament in the fold referred to as mesovarium Medial to EIV (external illiac vein) EIA (External illiac artery) and Anterior to IIV (Internal illiac vein), IIA (Internal illiac artery), Ureters
121
Blood Supply of the ovary
Ovarian have a double supply of blood Ovarian Arteries (branch of AA) Uterine Artery anatomizes with OA
122
Ovary layers
Layers Outer Layer **Cortex** Follicles and covered by dense connective tissue (tunicaalbuginea) surrounded by single thin layer of germinal epithelium
Layers Inner Layer **Medulla** Connective tissue that consists of blood, nerves, lymphatic vessels and smooth muscle at hilum
123
Production of Reproduction Cell
Ovaries are responsible for what?
What do they produce
They help with what?
also help with what?
Ovaries are responsible for the development of a mature ovum
Ovaries are responsible for production of estrogen and progesterone
Help prepare uterine lining for implantation of a fertilized ovum
Help development of mammary glands in females
124
Ovarian Ligaments and support
OVARIAN LIGAMENTS Support ovaries medially Originate bilaterally at cornua of uterus and laterally by the suspensory Ligament Extend from infundibulum of tube and overy to sidewall of pelvis
Broad Ligament- attaches ovary to posterior aspect of broad ligament by mesovarium
125
Pelvic Vasculature location
Common Iliac arteries Course anterior and medial to psoas Provide blood to pelvic cavity and lower extremities Bifurcate into EIA (external illiac artery)and IIA ( internal Illiac artery)
126
External and Internal Iliac Arteries
External course along pelvic brim and go inferiorly as the femoral arteries Medial to psoas, anteriorly, Anterior to EIV
Internal extend into pelvic along posterior wall and provide branches to profuse bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum (ant to IIV), posterior to ureters and ovaries
127
Vasculatures
OVARIAN VEINS
LOV (left ovarian vein) drains into LRV (Left renal vein)
ROV drains directly into the IVC
Uterine artery anterior branch of IIA
UA crosses anterior to ureter extends medially in broad ligament to cervix
Spirals up sidewalls of uterus within Broad Ligament to cornua, then goes laterally to anatomize with OA
128
External and Internal Iliac Veins
External Iliac Veins Medial to EIA
Internal Iliac Veins Posterior to IIA
129
Whats posterior in the pelvic cavity?
Rectum, colo, and ileum
130
Whats anterior in the pelvic cavity
Bladder, ureters, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
131
Psoas Major is the pelvic musles is directional
Pelvic side wall
132
Psoas and illiacus form
iliopsoas
133
Illiacus muscles
is pelvic side wall
134
Piriformis is directional
Posterior lateral wall
135
Coccygeous directional
is posterior to the pelvic floor (diaphragm)
136
Testicles
Prenatal Development – Arise in the fetal abdomen, near the developing kidneys – 4th month descend to the level of the bladder, where they will stay until the 7th month – After 7th month they descend through inguinal
canal into scrotum
137
Testicles
The descend is hormonally controlled & usually occurs during the last month of gestation
138
Normal Anatomy
Scrotum – Sac like Bag – Divided into 2 sections by a septum – Septum called Median Raphe – Contents suspended by spermatic cord
139
Scrotal Sac
– Each section contains Testes Epididymis Portion of spermatic cord Ductus deferens
140
Dartos muscle
Dartos Muscle • Connective tissue interspered w/ smooth muscle • Contraction causes wrinkling of scrotum
141
Scrotum postion which one is most superior inferiror
right and left
Left scrotum usually lies more inferior than right
142
Supporting structures of testicles
Scrotum – Penis – Spermatic cords
143
Wheres tunica vagianalis
single layer or double layer
Innermost layer – Double sac
Outer parietal
Inner – visceral
Fluid may be seen
144
Testes size
3- 5cm in length 2.5-4 cm width
145
Testes are? small big?
Small ovoid paired glands
146
Lobules how many?
what do they contain?
Broken down into 250-400 conical lobules Lobubles contain seminiferous tubles
147
Tissue make up of Testes
Testes covered by Tunica Albunginea
Dense fibrous Tissue Called mediastinum Supports vessels/Ducts
148
Testes \*Contains two layers
Parietal inner -layer of scrotal wall
Visceral-Inner layer closest to testes
149
Testes get support from
– Spermatic cord – Scrotum
150
Testes Posterior attachment
Spermatic cord – Head & tail of each epididymis
151
What the function of Ductus Deferens
wheres does it attached?
Vas deferens – Transports sperm from each teste to prostatic urethra Attached to peritoneum
152
Main fuction of testes
Spermatogenesis – Production of sperm – Seminiferous tubules are responsible for production
153
Vas deferens Fucntion
Transports sperm from each teste to prostatic urethra Attached to peritoneum, some of which drags into scrotum on descend Continuous with Epididymis
154
Exocrine gland produces what?
Produces spermatozoa
155
Endocrine gland
Secretes hormones
156
Testosterone
Promotes “maleness” Secondary Sex charateristics maintained Plays a part in fluid & electrolyte metabolism – Kidney tubule reabsorption & excretion
Anabolic hormone Inhibits ant. Pituitary secretion of gonadotropins – FSH - females – ICSH - males
157
Fsh is males hormone?
158
ICSH found in male or female
male and its called
interstitial-cell stimulating hormone
159
Epididymis size
location
name the strcutures
Lies along lateral border of testes Size: – Small in diameter – 6-7cm – Head, Body, Tail – Head 6-15mm sidth
160
Epididymis pathway
Begins superiorly then courses Post/Lat to testis Contains 10-15 efferent ductules then go into single duct in Body/Tail
Tightly coiled tubular structure on posterior surface of each testes Spermatides pass from efferent ducts to epididymis Ductus Epididymis becomes Ductus Deferens which continues in spermatic cord. then transports sperm for ejaculation
161
Appendix Testis
Remnant of Mullerian Duct-
The **appendix testis** (or _hydatid of Morgagni_) is a _vestigial_ remnant of the Müllerian duct
Present on the u_pper pole of the testis_ and _attached to the tunica vaginalis_. It is present about 90% of the time.
162
Whats in the true pelvis?
Female reproductive organs
163
The space below the pelvic brim is enclosed by
The sacrum, ischium, pubis, and portion of the illium
164
Apex of bladde is formed by?
ormed by superior/inferiorlateral surfac
165
Left Ovarian vein darins into
Left Renal vein
166
Common illiac arteries course
anterior and medial to psoas muscle
167
Commin illacs arteries bifucate to ?
Internal illiac arteies and External arteries
168
The **external** illiac arteries course towards where?\
Where do they supply blood?
What about **interna**l illiac arteries
**External** pelvic brim and continues inferiorly as common femoral arteries. they supply blood to the lower extremeties **External illiac artery is** **Anteriorly to External Iliac Vein**
The **internal** illiac arteries extend into the pelvic cavity along the posterior wall and provide multiple branches that perfuse to the bladder, uterus, vagina and rectum
**Internal Illiac arties is Anterior to Illiac internal Vein**
169
Uterine Artery is
Anterior branch of Internal Illiac Artery
170
External Illiac vein is
Is medial to External Illiac Artery
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Internal illiac Vein is
posteiror to IIA internal illiac artery
Cross Sectional Anatomy
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