AP Human Geography > Unit 2 - Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Migration Flashcards

doesn't include international US migration (66 cards)

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1
Q

Mobility

A

ability to move places, refers to all movement types. its mostly non permanent though

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2
Q

cyclical/circulation mobility

A

Short-term, repetitive/daily acts of mobility

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3
Q

activity space

A

area where individual moves to pursue regular day-to-day activities. Created by cyclical patterns (commuting).

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4
Q

periodic mobility

A

non permanent mobility for longer time periods. Ex. college students going home, seasonal migrations by birds

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5
Q

migration

A

permanent move to a location, leads to relocation diffusion of culture

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6
Q

immigration vs emigration

A

immigration = coming to
emigration = leaving from
net-in migration = more immigration
net-out = more emmigration

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7
Q

push vs pull factors

A

Push Factors - unfavorable conditions which force people away
Pull Factors - favorable conditions which draw people in

3 major types of both factors:
Economics (opportunity), the biggest
Cultural (freedom - religion, politics, race, etc.)
Environmental (comfort)

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8
Q

economic reasons to push/pull factors

A
  • poverty, no job opportunities, lack of land (push)
  • “overpopulation”, exceeds carrying capacity, stage 2 dtm
  • job opportunities, availability of land (pull)
  • ECONOMICS = biggest migration factor!
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9
Q

environmental reasons to push/pull factors

A
  • Water (too much or too little) = most common
  • Famine, natural disasters (push)
  • Desirable features/climate, etc. (pull)
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10
Q

cultural reasons to push/pull factors

A
  • all other factors
  • Social, political and cultural
  • Persecution
  • war/conflict
  • safety to practice culture (refugees)
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11
Q

intervening obstacles

A

hinder migration

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12
Q

2 types of intervening obstacles

A

1) environmental features (historically) –
- Mountains, oceans, or long distance
- Today, improvements in transportation have reduced environmental obstacles.

2) Today, Political/gov restrictions
- Countries require proper documentation (passport, visa) to leave a country and gain entry to another
- hostile attitudes of citizens once they enter.

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13
Q

two types of migration (spatial types)

A

internal and international

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14
Q

international

A
  • one country to another
  • usually for stage 2
  • voluntary = chosen to move (economic improvement)
  • forced = compelled to move (cultural forces)
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15
Q

internal

A
  • within one country
  • Interregional – 1 region to another (rural–>urban)
  • Intraregional – movement within the same region (city–>suburb) (suburbanization)
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16
Q

mexico migration

A
  • international in-migration from Central America + emigration out of the country to the US.
  • internal migration, interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and rural–>urban intraregional migration into Mexico City.
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17
Q

spatial vs action/reason/motivation differentiation in migration

A

spatial
-Internal (interregional vs. intraregional)
-International (Zelinsky’s Migration Transition, linking spatial dimension of migration to DTM)

action/reason/motivation differentiation
- Forced (refugees vs. internally displaced persons (IDPs))
- Voluntary (Ravenstein’s Laws)

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18
Q

global international migration patterns

A

LDCs –> MDCs
Net Out-Migration: Asia, Latin America, Africa, Eastern Europe
Net In-Migration: North America, W. Europe, + Oceania

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19
Q

Ravensteins Laws of Migration (ways to categorize migration)

A

(1) reasons why migrants move
(2) distance they typically move
(3) the characteristics of migrants (gender, family status)
- based on gravity model: influence of location on another is inversely proportional to distance between and directly proportional to their size

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20
Q

11 Ravenstein Laws

A
  • Most migration is short distance.
  • Migration occurs in steps.
  • Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas (economic hubs).
  • Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (not necessarily of the same volume)
  • Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers.
  • Within own country/region, females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over longer distances
  • Most migrants are adults.
  • Large towns grow more by migration than natural increase.
  • Migration incr. with economic development.
  • Most migration is rural to urban
  • Migration is mostly b/c of economic causes.
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21
Q

refugee

A

forced to migrate to avoid potential threat to their life, cannot return for fear of persecution.

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22
Q

internally displaced person

A

same as migrant but hasn’t crossed int’l border

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23
Q

asylum seeker

A

someone who migrated to another country hoping to be recognized as a refugee, seeking protection in another country since they cant in their home

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24
Q

US and Canada for migration

A

prominent migrant destinations. historically from Europe, but now from Latin america and Asia

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25
main destination states in US
California, New York, Florida, and Texas
26
chain migration
movement along kinship links, creates immigration waves; Immigration bubbles from one hearth to same destination (ethnic neighborhoods)
27
migrant characteristics
Gender and Family status/age. most long-distance (international) migrants are working-age adult males rather than women or families w/children or elderly (currently changing)
28
migrant gender
International migration - males outnumbered females - males more willing to migrate long distances, risk takers - But in US today = 55% are female Internal migration - Women are a more significant short distance migrants (urbanization flow in LDCs)
29
migrant family status/age
In the United States today - about 40% of immigrants = working-age adults - less elderly/children (this is changing because of incr. in women)
30
two spatial types of internal migration
Interregional - movement between regions - Perceived economic betterment compels ppl to make these migrations - Ex. in U.S. westward migration, Great Migration, Rust Belt to Sun Belt Intraregional - movement w/in region - Suburbanization, AKA urban to suburb (suburbs are part of urban area) - biggest post-WWII migration pattern in US
31
urbanization
rapid growth of cities (biggest migration in LDCs /world (stage 2)) - Ppl are moving from rural areas to urban areas.
32
Zelinsky’s Migration Transition
stage 2) -Massive Interregional urbanization -international out-migration (LDCs → MDCs) begins 3) -International out-migration (LDCs → MDCs) continues -Rural to urban continues but slows 4) - International in-migration (urban areas grow through migration) - Internal rural to urban stops - Intraregional migration (suburbanization) 5) Discourage emigration /Encourage immigration?
33
partition of south Asia (largest displacement in histoyr)
- Britain grants independence to “India” - Divides into two countries: Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan -Significant minorities on wrong side - Kashmir territory disputed - millions migrate, millions killed
34
internal US settlement patterns
- westward - initially, colonial settlement on east coast - British limited to coastal areas, intervening obstacle (appalachians) - improved transportation opens interior (canals)
35
westward expansion in U.S.
- CA gold rush - Greatplains settlement
36
why was there settlement in the great plains
1) homestead act (govt. encourages migration) 2) railroads 3) area becomes productive (steel plows, windmills, barbed wire for confining livestock)
37
what is the great migration
African Americans from rural south to urban north (two waves - WWI and WWII)
38
push factors of great migration for african americans
push - poverty, share cropping, eviction due to mechanized farming, discrimination, Jim crow laws, violent lynching, KKK
39
what is share cropping
landlord grants tenant land in exchange for a share of the crop, but tenant keeps saying the sharecropper owes more than he earned - leaving no money for sharecroppers (basically free labor)
40
Plessy v Ferguson
established "separate but equal" doctrine, legitimized racial segregation/discrimination as long as facilities for Black and White people were equal (didn't happen). overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954).
41
pull factors great migration for African Americans
- industrial jobs due to White men fighting WW and segregated armed forces - North was De facto (by practive) vs. de jure (by law) segregation
42
“Great Return” /“New Great Migration”
- since 80s - Urban North to Urban/Suburban South -counter migration -black flight = black city neighborhood areas-->suburbs
43
migration from rural to urban in US
-urbanization (primarily due to economic reasons) -late 1800s to early 1900s
44
effects of urbanization
-Secular attitudes (increasing shift from relgious/traditional values to modern, non religious ones, due to diverse populations/ideas and lifestyle changes) - children = economic burdens LOWER CBR/NIR
45
migration from urban to rural in US
-counterurbanization (type of counter migration) -primariiy due to cultural reasons (easier pace, country lifestyle )
46
push factors of rust belt to sun belt migration in US
- cold weather -declining industry (high costs, unions, closed shop, high regulation, high taxes, combat pollution ) -urban decay (suburbanization)
47
pull factors of rust belt to sun belt migration in US
- warm weather with AC - low business costs (non-union, right-to-work, less regulation/taxes) - pop growth
48
changing US population migration
- historically, overall has been westward, territorial expansion - southward trend in mid-20th since cent
49
Intraregional migration in US
- suburbanization (biggest US migration flow since WWII) - suburb --> urban (countermigration), gentrification = middle class (mostly white) into formerly “distressed” inner city neighborhoods
50
suburbanization push factors
- urban decay - crowded housing (apts.) - poverty, crime - underperforming schools, desegregation/busing - political corruption - high taxes - new immigrants = different
51
suburbanization pull factors
- space - detached homes, yards, garages - low poverty/crime - safe, well-funded schools -low taxes -American dream -homogeneity
52
effects of suburbanization
-“white flight” (mostly white middle-class flee urban problems) - increases inner city decline as middle class taxes flow from city to suburbs
53
Europeans to North America migration flow
- Europeans to New World - English culture, later industrial workers create ethnic diversity but on an English cultural foundation
54
Iberian (Spanish and portuguese) colonists to New World migration flow
- Latin American cultural identity - 1st Wave of Imperialism (1500-1750)
55
other European migration flow
- Era of “New” Imperialism (2nd wave: 1750-1900) - Europeans into Africa, Asia and later to South America,India, South Africa, Kenya, Argentina/Uruguay/Paraguay, Australia, New Zealand etc.
56
Atlantic slave trade migration flow
-replace depopulated Caribbean islands/E. Central America (Jamaica, Dominican Republic, etc.) - Mixed “race” Brazil - African-American clustering in the SE USA
57
South Asians to African, SE Asia, south America, and caribbean
South Asians (as indentured servants) to Africa/SE Asia/South America and the Caribbean 1835-1935
58
Chinese migration into SE Asia
- British imperialism opens econ. opportunities for Chinese in 1800s. - Become significant minorities in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore
59
two internal, major global migrations
- American settlement of the West - Russian expansion into Siberia (Russification = forced assimilation of Russian culture)
60
transhumance
seasonal movement of livestock
61
Internal Migration within the EU
- right to live and work anywhere within the EU if a member - generally migration is East ⇒ West and South ⇒ North (poorer to wealthy) - Many immigrants in W. Europe come from former eastern (communist) bloc states in 90‘s 1)Poles ⇒ UK and Ireland (accused of driving down wages) 2) Romanians/Bulgarians ⇒ Spain and Italy -countermigration due to warmer south climate and lower cost of livign
62
external migration into europe
Guest workers (Turks ⇒ Germany, Algerians ⇒ France) - fill low skill jobs - send remittances home - Labor source for aging European nations Cultural links - Family reunification - Chain migration - same Language/citizenship
63
problems faced by immigrant populations
- ghettoization - identity (migrants resist assimilation) - right-wing reaction against immigrants/immigration (traditionalism and conservatism)
64
gettoization
-immigrants clustered in urban areas/projects on edge of cities -isolated from general society - concentrated poverty/unemployment → high crime
65
right-wing reaction against immigrants/immigration
- rise of nativism (policies that favor native born) - radicalism/terrorism drags moderate politicians to "right" - xenophobia = fear/hatred of foreigners
66
why does the Persian gulf have uneven pop pyramid (more males)
male guest workers come in for oil industry
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