1
Q
How is heating of tissues achieved?
A
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation
2
Q
Heating through conduction
A
- energy passes directly from one molecule to another
- molecules dont change their location, they jiggle and collide
ie. hot pack
3
Q
Heating through radiation
A
- energy passes through straight lines
ie. infrared lamp
4
Q
How do our bodies regulate temp?
A
- vasomtoor
- metabolic
- sweating
- voluntary control
5
Q
Regulation of body temp through convection
A
- heat molecules physically move from one location to another
6
Q
Key considerations when applying heat
A
- adiposity (adipose tissue is an insulator- retains heat)
- age (reduced ability to regulate temp)
7
Q
Biophysical basis of heating
A
- sensory
- circulatory
- muscle tone
- tissue extensibility
- metabolism
8
Q
Sensory effects of heating
A
- skin receptors stimulated with changes in temp
- modulates pain at spinal cord (reduces sensation of pain)
9
Q
Circulatory effects of heating
A
- blood vessels vasodilate
- blood flow increases
- redness and edema
10
Q
Heating and its effects on muscle tone
A
- decreased muscle tone as a result of decreased firing rate of muscle spindle and golgi tendon nerve endings
- muscles dont respond as much to stretch = increased relaxation
11
Q
Heating and its effect on ligaments/tendon
A
- decreased fluid viscocity within tissues
- increases extensibility of collagenous tissue
- increases extensibility of ligaments
- less force needed to mobilize joint
12
Q
Heating and tissue metabolism
A
- increases metabolism
- increased need for O2 by tissues
- increased metabolic waste products
13
Q
Can a hot pack heat deep muscles?
A
NO
- only increases skin temp and reduces pain through modulation at spinal cord
14
Q
Why use heat?
A
- decreases pain through modulation
- increases tissue repair via increased metabolic rate and O2 availability
- increases joint ROM due to increased collagen extensibility, synovial side and decreases muscle spasm
15
Q
General indications for heating agents
A
- pain
- muscle spasm
- chronic inflammation
- contracture
- late tissue healing
16
Q
Biophysical basis of cooling
A
- sensory
- circulatory
- muscle tone
- tissue extensibility
- metabolism
17
Q
Cooling and sensory effects
A
- decreases nerve conduction velocity
- numbness
- decreased pain through sedation of sensory nerves
- decreased pain in DOMS when applied within 24 hours
18
Q
Circulatory effects of cooling
A
- immediate capillary vasoconstriction
- prevents the FORMATION of edema BUT DOES NOT REDUCE SWELLING
19
Q
Cooling and muscle tone
A
- decreased muscle tone (decreased reflex activity)
- prolonged cooling = paralysis
20
Q
Cooling and muscle performance
A
- impaired contractility of muscle
21
Q
Cooling and extensibility
A
- decreases ligament extensibility (decreased collagen extensibility)
- increases muscle and joint stiffness (increased fluid viscocity)
22
Q
Metabolic effects of cooling
A
- decreased cellular metabolism (decreased need for O2)
- decreases the risk of secondary injury that could be caused by increased cellular metabolism
23
Q
General indications for cooling agents
A
- pain
- muscle spasm
- acute injury
24
Q
Commonly used superficial heating agents
A
- hot pack
- warm whirlpool bath
- hot wax
- infrared
- contrast baths
- fluidotherapy
25
Heat packs treatment parameters
- temp of hydrocollator= 70-75 degrees C
- 6-8 towel layers (terry cover =4 layers)
- duration: 20 min
26
Hot wax treatment parameters
- temp of wax= 40-44 degrees C
- dips hand in wax 6-8 times
- rest limb comfortably
- duration: 20 min
- roll wax into ball to use as hand exercise
27
Contrast bath treatment parameters
- warm bath = 40-45 degrees C for 6 min
- cold bath= 20 degrees C for 4 min
- repeat cycle twice and end with warm bath
28
Commonly used cooling agents
- ice packs
- crushed ice
- iced water bath
- coolant spray
- quick ice
- cold whirlpool
- contrast baths
29
Crushed ice pack treatment parameters
- ice chips in a towel/bag with a damp towel underlay
- 4 layers of towel
- duration: 15-20 min, 2-4 hourly
30
Cold bath
- 20 degrees celcius for 15 min or 16-18 degrees celcius for 10 min
31
How long should we ice without impacting deeper structures?
- 10 MIN
32
Should we ice before exercise?
NO
33
Should we heat before we stretch?
- may increase ROM and decrease muscle stiffness
34
Contraindications for thermal agents
COWSAID
- cognitive deficit
- morbid obesity
- open wounds
- loss of sensory discrimination
- cold allergy
- tissue ischemia
- dermatitis
*hypersensitivity/raynauds
35
When should we not use heat?
- acute injury
- prior to balance training or strengthening
36
When should we not use cold?
- sub-acute or late tissue repair unless to decrease pain
- fibrosis and scar
- joint stiffness
- just before balance training or strengthening
37
Patient preparation for delivering EPAs
1. explain procedure and sensations
2. risks and benefits
3. obtain consent
4. screen for contraindications and take precautions
5. limb and patient comfort
6. instruct patient when and how to get attention
7. check on them during procedure
38
How is ice justified in late repair?
- to improrve exercise tolerance through decreased pain
39
Commonly used outcome measures for EPA treatment
Strength
ROM
Swelling
Pain
40
How is ice justified for use in acute injury?
- to accelerate hemostasis (clotting)
- decrease metabolism and restrict the extent of tissue injury
- decrease pain
- decrease formation of swelling
PT1 EPAs
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
-
UNIT 1: Week 219
-
UNIT 2: Week 240
-
UNIT 2: Week 474
-
UNIT 2: WEEK 5 (ultrasound lab)25
-
UNIT 2: Week 6 Shockwave52
-
UNIT 2: Week 6 Understanding Electrical Terminology and Concepts78
-
UNIT 2: Week 6 Electroanalgesia26
-
UNIT 2: Week 7 Laser77
-
UNIT 2: Week 8 TENS74
-
UNIT 2: Week 10 IFC60
-
PSE prep28
