order 3 types of land use from cheapest to most expensive
agricultural
industrial
residential
why are economic losses exacerbated?
no national compensation scheme for those who lose homes to the sea
what did the coastal change pathfinder projects do
provide up to £1k in relocation expenses
give £1.2m for relocation and demolition
what did the EA estimate about economic losses in 2014
- 7k properties (worth 1billion) will be lost to sea level rise this century
- global costs of sea level rise could reach $1trillion by 2050
- 800 properties lost to coastal erosion by 2035
why could economic losses be seen as relatively small
erosion is slow process.
property loses value before at risk to erosion
populated areas have coastal defences
what are some of the social losses of sea level rise/coastal flooding
relocation
loss of livelihood
spiral of decline
give as many facts as possible about coastal flooding in Australia
- over half coast is vulnerable to erosion
- 1m rise exposes $162billion infrastructure
- 0.5m rise causes $2.8billion damages
- tourism is being affected - 8% workforce
-brings $30billion to economy
give as many facts as possible about coastal flooding in Philippines
- natural buffers damaged due to over exploitation
- 1m rise would affect 2.3million
- $6.5billion damages a year without adaptation
define “environmental refugees”
forced to leave homes due to natural processes
give as many facts as possible about coastal flooding in Fairbourne
- everyone has to leave by 2054 (462 families)
- house prices plummeted in last 7yrs
- they’re getting no compensation
what is hard engineering
encase the coastline in concrete, steel and metal
general advantages of hard engineering
long life
strong
most reduce wave energy
general disadvantages of hard engineering
ugly
prevent access
expensive
terminal groyne syndrome
name 5 hard engineering methods
- revetments
- rip rap
- seawall
- groynes
- offshore breakwater
how do revetments work? what are the advantages and disadvantages
- stone, concrete or timber absorb energy and reduce swash
- sloping structures on shoreline
advantages: - quite cheap (£500-3000)
disadvantages - unattractive
- high maintenance
- reduce accessibility
how does rip rap work? what are the advantages and disadvantages
- large igneous boulders
- break up and dissipate wave energy
advantages: - cheap to maintain
disadvantages: - dangerous when wet
- intrusive
- hard to transport rocks
- expensive (£1350-6000)
how does a sea wall work? what are the advantages and disadvantages
- physical barrier absorbs wave energy
advantages: - effective
- promenade on top
disadvantages: - intrusive
- expensive (£3000-10,000)
how do groynes work? what are the advantages and disadvantages
- vertical stone or timber fences
- trap sediment preventing LSD
advantages: - builds up beach
-cheap (£150-2500) - increases tourism
- work with longshore drift
disadvantages: - ugly
- terminal groyne syndrome
how do offshore breakwaters work? what are the advantages and disadvantages
- large igneous rocks force waves to break offshore
advantages: - effective permeable barrier
- reduce wave energy
disadvantages - navigation hazards (for boats)
- ugly
medium cost (£1750-4300)
define “sustainable coastal mangement”
manging littoral zones
in terms of people and economic livelihood
safely from coastal hazards
minimising environmental impacts
what does sustainable coastal management involve
- managing finite resources
- managing flood and erosion risks
- adapting to sea level rise
- educating communities
why may sustainable coastal management lead to conflict
- people may need to relocate
- some erosion is inevitable
- there may be change of plan
what is the ICZM
- integrated coastal zone management
- participatory planning (views from all stakeholders)
- holistic approach
- long term management
- work with natural processes
3 main characteristics of ICZM
- entire zone managed: ecosystems, resources, humans, rivers. Councils work together
- recognize importance of coast to livelihood but they degrade it
- management must be sustainable
