Unit 3

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

Shared patterns of learned behavior, attitudes, and knowledge.

Question 2

Examples of culture

Answer 2

Makan American Indians who hunt whales; Red brides in India; Red envelopes in China

Question 3

Cultural Traits

Answer 3

single component of culture

Question 4

Culture trait examples

Answer 4

Shared language; shared religion; saying “cheers!” after a toast

Question 5

Cultural Landscapes

Answer 5

The cultural impacts on an area, including buildings, agricultural patterns, roads, signs, and nearly everything else that humans have created.

Question 6

Cultural Landscape examples

Answer 6

Benches; Great Wall of China; footbridges

Question 7

Cultural Hearth

Answer 7

geographic origin of a culture or cultural trait. Traits first diffuse from the cultural hearth

Question 8

Cultural Hearth examples

Answer 8

Mesopotamia; Indus River Valley, New York

Question 9

Popular culture

Answer 9

large culture that incorporates heterogeneous populations, is typically urban, and experiences quick changing traits.

Question 10

Pop culture examples

Answer 10

K-pop idols, among us, TikTok trends

Question 11

Folk Culture

Answer 11

how a group of people in a place that see themselves and share customs/traits. OR a small culture that incorporates a homogeneous population that is typically rural and cohesive in cultural traits.

Question 12

Folk Culture examples

Answer 12

Traditional dance; pagan religions; traditional ceremonies

Question 13

Relocation Diffusion

Answer 13

The spread of a cultural trait through the migration of people

Question 14

Expansion Diffusion

Answer 14

The spread of a cultural trait through the interaction between people

Question 15

Contagious Diffusion

Answer 15

A cultural trait spreads rapidly, widely, and continuously from its hearth through close contact between people (subtype of expansion diffusion)

Question 16

Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 16

The spread of cultural traits from the most interconnected, powerful, wealthy people/organizations down to others (subtype of expansion diffusion)

Question 17

Reverse Hierarchical Diffusion

Answer 17

The spread of cultural traits from the least interconnected, wealthy, or powerful people/organizations outwards (subtype of expansion diffusion)

Question 18

Language Family

Answer 18

way of classifying languages at the global scale. The languages have shared by fairly distant origins. Broken into sub-families.

Question 19

Language family examples

Answer 19

Indo-European language family includes Italian, Spanish, and French; Sino-Tibetan family includes Mandarin, Tibetan, and Burmese

Question 20

Language Branch

Answer 20

Collection of languages that share a common origin from thousands of years ago. They were separated from other languages in their family and now are distinctive although related.

Question 21

Language branch examples

Answer 21

Romance Branch: Includes languages like Spanish, Portugese, French and Italian;
Germanic Branch: Includes languages such as German, English, and Dutch.

Question 22

Language group

Answer 22

Collection of languages that share a more recent past with similar vocabularies and some overlap.

Question 23

Language group examples

Answer 23

Similarities between Portugese, Italian and Spanish; West Germanic languages such as Dutch and Afrikaans will have more similarities than with their North Germanic ancestors and vice versa.

Question 24

Dialect

Answer 24

variations in accent, grammar, usage and spelling and develop out of geographic distance or isolation

Question 25

Dialect examples

Answer 25

In the U.S: y'all, you all, you guys, youse guys, you’uns; British English vs. U.S English: trousers vs. pants

Question 26

Pidgin Language

Answer 26

An extremely simplified, limited non-native language used by two people that speak two different languages.

Question 27

Pidgin Language examples

Answer 27

Papua New Guinea: mixture of English & Papuan languages. Result of British colonization of the territory; early Hawai'i Pidgin English (HPE) spoken in Honolulu since the late 19th century

Question 28

Lingua Franca

Answer 28

a common language used by speakers of two different languages for communication. Usually for business, trade, commerce or in popular culture

Question 29

Lingua Franca examples

Answer 29

World's Lingua Franca: English; Mandarin in China; Swahili in Africa, Arabic in Southwest Asia

Question 30

Christianity

Answer 30

single founder (Jesus), split from Judaism, monotheistic first split: between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. Emperor Diocletian split empire eventually leading to separate denominations. Last branch- Protestant (came from Catholic)

Question 31

Judaism

Answer 31

grew out of the beliefs of Jews, a nomadic semetic tribe in SW Asia. Based off teachings of Abraham. In Middle East, N Africa, Russia, Ukraine, Europe, and N and S America. Monotheistic.

Question 32

Islam

Answer 32

founded by Muhammad, Qu'ran, Allah, monotheistic, 5 pillars, pilgrimage to Mecca/hajj.

Question 33

Hinduism

Answer 33

3rd biggest religion, DID NOT originate in Pakistan, given name by Aryans, no founder, based on ancient practices of Indus River Valley city of Mohenjo Daro and Harap- pa, sacred river is the Ganges, and their main god is Brahman. Other gods are expressions of Brahman. Not a polytheistic or monotheistic religion, or even both. Vedas is it's 4 sacred texts. Defined as an ethnic religion to SE Asia.

Question 34

Buddhism

Answer 34

came from Hinduism as a question to its teachings (caste system). 2 branches: Mahayan (salvation comes by appeal to holy sources of merit) and Theravada (Salvation is personal matter achieved by good behavoir and being monk or nun).

Question 35

Ideographic language

Answer 35

language whose alphabet is based on characters/symbols (hieroglyphics, Japanese...)

Question 36

Proselytism

Answer 36

policy of attempting to convert others to your religion