What is the naming convention for ionic compounds?
- Metal name unchanged
- Nonmetal ends in –ide
- Transition metals use Roman numerals
- Polyatomic ions keep their names
Example: Al³⁺ + O²⁻ → Al₂O₃
What are the prefixes used in naming covalent compounds?
- mono
- di
- tri
- tetra
- penta
- hexa
- hepta
- octa
- nona
- deca
Prefixes indicate the number of atoms in the compound.
In naming binary acids, what prefix is used?
Starts with “hydro”
The ending of the second element changes to -ic.
What is the formula for dinitrogen monoxide?
N₂O
Prefixes in the name indicate the subscripts in the formula.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
- Electron transfer
- High melting/boiling points
- Conduct when molten or dissolved
- Usually solids
- Often water-soluble
- Strong electrostatic attraction
These properties are due to the nature of ionic bonds.
What are the properties of covalent compounds?
- Electron sharing
- Can be solid/liquid/gas
- Low melting/boiling points
- Do not conduct electricity
- Often not water-soluble
- Distinct molecular shapes
These properties arise from covalent bonding.
What are the characteristics of acids?
- Produce H⁺ ions in water
- pH < 7
- Sour taste
- Turn blue litmus → red
- Corrosive
- Conductive (ionization)
- React with metals → H₂ gas
Acids have distinct properties that define their behavior in solutions.
What is the first step in drawing Lewis Dot Structures?
Count valence electrons
This is essential for determining how atoms bond.
What is the trend for atomic radius in the periodic table?
↑ down, ↓ across
Atomic radius increases as you move down a group and decreases across a period.
What are the main acids associated with acid rain?
- Sulfuric Acid — H₂SO₄
- Nitric Acid — HNO₃
These acids contribute significantly to environmental issues.
What are some causes of acid rain?
- Burning fossil fuels
- Forest fires
- Volcanoes
- Microbial decay
- Ore roasting
These activities release pollutants that lead to acid rain.
What are the effects of acid rain?
- Forest damage
- Toxic aluminum released into water
- Soil buffering capacity decreases
- Ecosystem stress
- Corrosion of metals
- Damage to monuments/paint
Acid rain has widespread negative impacts on the environment.
True or false: The EPA was established on December 3, 1970.
TRUE
The EPA was proposed by Richard Nixon to focus on environmental protection.
What is the purpose of the Superfund program?
Identify and clean major hazardous-waste sites
This program was initiated in 1980.
What are the focus areas of the EPA?
- Environmental research
- Provides info to public/Congress
- Enforces environmental laws & standards
The EPA plays a crucial role in environmental governance.
