1
Q
What does sustainable development mean?
A
Is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
2
Q
How does sustainable development achieve balance over environmental requirements, Society’s needs and economic growth.
A
By encouraging economic development tech appropriate to the skills,wealth and needs of the local people and using natural resources carefully and remembering to reduce, RE-use and recycle
3
Q
What has caused the increase in growth of global population?
A
- high birth rates
- Improved public health
- Improvements in health care
4
Q
Disadvantages of global food supply
A
- food resources aren’t evenly distributed and people across the planet do not have equal access to it.
- access to food and access to suitable nutrition are different; while not technically starving, many people are malnourished
- we are changing and degrading the natural environment which impacts on the ability to grow the extra food required.
5
Q
What is food security?
A
It’s when everyone, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient and nutritious food which means their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
6
Q
How do u calculate % change
A
Subtract old value from new then divide by old value then times by 100 .
7
Q
Calculate percentage change between 1970 (2950) and 2010 (3770)
A
3770-2950 = 820 divided by 2950 = 0.277 times by 100 = 21.7%
8
Q
7 things that make it very difficult to ensure a secure food supply.
A
- Disease
- Waste
- Diet
- Energy
- Water
- Climate Change
- Labour
9
Q
3 main aims of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation)
A
- the eradication of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition.
- the elimination of poverty and the driving forward of economic and social progress for all.
- the sustainable management and use of natural resources.
10
Q
To achieve it’s aim the FAO must:
A
- help eliminate hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition.
- make agriculture, forestry and fisheries more productive and sustainable
- reduce rural poverty.
11
Q
You can use agrochemicals to increase food production as they…
A
Replace the potassium nitrogen and phosphorus removed from the soil with fertilisers
12
Q
Advantages of using machinery in agriculture
A
- It allows work to be done faster and more efficiently
- Farmer has to pay fewer workers which helps boost profits
13
Q
Disadvantages of using machinery in agriculture
A
- hedgerows and ponds have to be removed in order to create a long straight run for machines to operate efficiently
- often gets rid of wildlife habitats.
14
Q
There are four problems associated with poorly managed irrigation systems
A
Water shortages
pollution
Land degration
spread of waterborne diseases
15
Q
Advantages of using HYV seeds
A
- Starvation and famine have been reduced across the developed countries
- Farmers are often able to grow 2 or 3 crops per season an Farming continues into dry Seasons which increases farmers profit and their quality of life
16
Q
Disadvantages of using HYV seeds
A
- crops often need lots of fertilisers, pesticides and water to grow which increases costs and pollution
- farmers are unable to buy HYV seeds so there is no real benefit to them
17
Q
Pros of GM crops and genetic modification in agriculture
A
- provide a solution to feed the World growing population
- artificially modified crops produce bigger yield and need less artificial fertilisers
- reduce amount of raw materials which is used in manufacturing Farm chemicals
18
Q
Cons of GM crops and genetic modification in agriculture
A
- risk to humans
- crops and plants and may become contaminated with foreign genes added to the GM crops
- superweeds may evolve which would be difficult or impossible to get rid of
19
Q
Soil can be conserved within developing countries in several ways
A
- crop rotation: growing crops in sequence seasons
- stone Lines: placed along contours, can trap solo move down a slope by rainwater, wind or gravity preventing soil erosion
- terracing: slopes which slow the rate of surface runoff down a slope and also creates narrow strips of flat land for cultivation on Hillside
20
Q
Advantages of consuming insects
A
Naturally sustainable
Reproduce quickly and are more efficient in producing edible biomass
Highly nutritious and rich in protein
21
Q
The common agricultural policy (CAP) have a number of aims
A
- increase the production of food in Europe
- to improve the standard of living foal Farm
- to secure food supplies for Europe
- to provide food for consumers at reasonable prices
22
Q
Diversification means
A
Farmers can look towards no farming activities to boost their incomes
23
Q
Farmers can apply for EU and government grants for different types of schemes.
A
- growing energy crops
- planting native woodland to increase biodiversity
- developing renewable energy products like wind farms
24
Q
Disadvantages of using agrochemicals
A
- It creates a problem called eutrophication which is caused with excess nutrients are transferred into Rivers lakes and oceans
- increase in pesticides can kill or negatively effect insects
- crops sprayed with pesticides are eaten by small rodents and eventually passed up the food chain leading to Predators declining.
25
Disadvantages of organic farming
- requires farmers to monitor their crops regularly which takes time
- weeds and other pest often have to be removed manually
- farmers cannot produce as much as they could if they used industrial methods
- costs increase
26
How is trawling detrimental to marine environmentals
It's a large net with heavy weights that dragged across the Sea floor scooping up everything in its path from the targeted fish to rare corals. This destroys large areas of seafloor habitats that give marine species food and shelter and the damage caused can be irreparable.
27
The term overfishing
Overfishing is a form of overexploitation where fish stocks are reduced to below acceptable levels
28
The common Fisheries policy uses different methods to reduce overfishing in Europe
- restricting the number of days trawlers can spend at sea
- closing off areas from fishing to allow stock to recover
- ensuring that all caches and landings are accurately recorded
29
Possible solutions for aquaculture
- a licence is required from SEPA to start fishing
| - regulation of the size, stocking density and location of fish farms can help reduce the impact of pollution
30
Advantages and disadvantages of salmon farming
Advantages
- breeding Cycles can be artificially control to ensure there's a supply fish throughout the year
- fish of the required size and quantity can be produced at affordable prices
Disadvantage
- excess use of chemicals
- heavy metal toxins build up on the seabed and disturb flora and fauna
31
Energy security
Is the endless availability of energy sources at an affordable price
32
Main factors that affect energy security
- natural hazards
- climate change
- range of energy sources
33
Natural reasons why climate change happens
- variations in solar energy
- volcanic eruptions
- variations in the tilt and orbit of the Earth around the sun
34
Why greenhouse gases are increasing
- the Burning of fossil fuels
- worldwide deforestation in rainforest burning produces CO2
- vehicle exhaust and nitrogen fertilisers produce nitrous oxide
- increase in methane from agriculture
35
Negative impacts of climate change
- increase in carbon dioxide will cause acidification of the oceans
- climate change could significantly reduce Earth's ability to produce enough food for the growing population
- increase in temperature will increase the amount of moisture evaporated from the land and water surfaces which will increase the rates of desertification
- food expert could decrease due to lower production
- in warm areas plant and animal species will migrate to cooler areas to survive
36
Benefits of climate change
- Transportation
- fewer icebergs on shipping route
- Agriculture
- higher crop yields in northern latitudes
- Energy use
- reduced energy demands and lower heating bills
37
Global dimming means.
The decrease in the amount of insolation reaching the surface of the Earth
38
Main causes of global dimming
- Combustion of fossil fuels in industry in vehicles
| - vapours emitted from the planes fly at high altitude contribute to particles in the atmosphere
39
Problems caused by global dimming
- Pollutants causing global dimming also contribute to acid rain, smog and respiratory disease in humans
- it interfere with the hydrological cycle by reducing evaporation and it can reduced rainfall resulting in drought and famine
- due to reflection of solar energy and global dimming the water and Northern Hemisphere has become colder
40
Strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Energy generation
- anti pollution legislations forcing generating companies to switch to cleaner sources
- possibility of large scale carbon capture schemes were CO2 stored underground in geological formation
Transport
- longer trains and longer platforms in stations
- increasing the number of charging points for electric cars
Domestic
- having houses properly insulated
- installing smart metres
Industrial
- increasing recycling
- using biomass waste products as a fuel source
Agriculture
- improved insulation of Farm buildings
- using alternative energy opportunities like solar panels, wind turbines, heat pumps.
41
advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power
Advantages
- reduces greenhouse gas emissions and reduces dependence on foreign oil from the volatile Middle East region
- nuclear power produces the most energy for the amount of fuel used
Disadvantages
- the decommissioning process is even slower and extremely costly
- Half-Life radioactive products means that waste products will still be radioactive in thousands of years and much of this waste is surrounded by and buried deep Underground
42
Carbon trading
Means exchange of credits between Nations designed to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide
43
Problems of using carbon trading as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are
- large companies who pollute more can use their wealth and buying power to source carbon credits and again there is no real incentive to reduce the emissions in the first place
- companies who produce low emissions will have little incentive to lower their current emissions so they sell their spare capacity to larger companies to provide some income but is it' unlikely to encourage them to be cleaner.
44
Causes of the UK waste problem
- an over-reliance on packaging
| - a rising population will naturally create more waste
45
Landfill
Landfill is the burying of waste usually in disused quarries or pits and is a common approach to waste disposal in many country
46
Advantages and disadvantages of using landfill
Advantages
- useful way of restoring industrial sites
- an inexpensive method of disposing waste material
Disadvantage
- landfill gases like methane can be produced from decomposing organic matter and this is a potential greenhouse gas and can be quite exposed
- the landfill site will smell and there will be wind blown litter and vermin(seagulls and rats) everywhere
47
Landfill waste from construction sites could be reduced by
- reusing materials on the building site or by selling resources to nearby building site
- use just in time deliveries to reduce waste from poo storage and weather damage
48
Energy recovery is
A waste treatment process that involves the Burning or incineration of waste material
49
Advantages and disadvantages of recycling
Advantages
- cuts down the amount of waste in landfill sites
- it limits the amount of waste in landfills
Disadvantage
- produces more pollution and energy consumption
- the processing cost increase
50
there are different strategies used to reduce and minimise the amount of waste generated
Reducing food waste
- donate excess food to charities
Reduce other household waste
- not purchasing products with excess packaging
Composting
Reducing packaging
- develop products which require less wrapping plastic and cardboard to minimise the amount of waste we use
51
life cycle assessment
Is the investigation and evaluation of the total environmental impact of a given product or service also known as a life cycle analysis
Extraction of raw materials > design and manufacturing >sales, packaging and distribution > use / consumption > disposal then to complete the circle it should go to recycling but instead it goes to landfill
52
Linear economics
Linear is where products are made, used and then disposed of
53
Circular economy
Is a model which attempts to keep resources in use for as long as possible
design and manufacture > retailers > consumer and households (users) > reuse and repair > recycling sector > design and manufacturing then repeat..
54
What role does SEPA play with in waste management in Scotland
It's responsible for managing waste and monitoring the environmental quality of water, the atmosphere and land
55
Local authorities can use different methods to reduce waste
- littering and recycling
| - monitoring and increasing fines on illegal fly tipping
56
Some of the aims of the Singapore development are
- To achieve access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
- To achieve access to sanitation and hygiene for all
57
Methods of irrigation
- surface: where water is applied and distributed over the soil surface by Gravity
- sprinkler: this attempt to replicate natural rainfall
- drip / trickle: saves water and fertiliser by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of many different plants
- subsurface: involves watering crops through buried plastic tubes containing embedded emitters.
58
. Advantages and disadvantages of irrigation
Advantages
-improves the yield of crops
-unproductive land can also become productive when watered
Disadvantages
- groundwater levels can also be reduced overtime leading to the lack of water underground stores
- excessive seepage and leakage of water forms marshes and ponds all over the channels creating a habitat for mosquitoes which give rise to disease
59
Aquifer
An underground layer of water bearing Rock
60
Aerobic respiration
The form of respiration which uses oxygen. A respiration is a series of reactions in which energy is released from glucose
61
Flocculation
Refers to a process by which a solute comes out of a solution
62
Supplying clean water in developing countries
- using solar water disinfection s o d i s
- sinking Wells and boreholes
- separating water for use from humans and livestock
- education schemes promote the boiling of water before use and using soap promotes handwashing before cooking and eating which increases hygiene
63
advantages and disadvantages of Pit latrines
```
Advantages
- very low cost to build and to maintain
- can decrease the spread of disease
Disadvantages
- can cause contamination of groundwater
- a slab should be used to reduce the smell and prevent falling in.
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64
Advantages and disadvantages of desalination
Advantages
- can encourage tourism and Recreation
- desalination plants provide clean healthy water for dry arid country
Disadvantage
- can be a very costly process
-it takes a lot of energy to produce and the energy often comes from burning fossil fuels which increases greenhouse gas emissions
65
There are several ways to use less water in the home and garden
- Take shorter showers and avoid installing power showers
- Don't keep the tap running when washing food
- Use your dishwasher on full loads only
66
What's the difference between the greenhouse effect and enhanced greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is the return of radiated energy to the Earth's surface which helps to maintain warmer temperatures and without this natural process the Earth will be around 30C cooler which reduces the loss of heat back into space.
Enhanced greenhouse effect is the increase in carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases which trap outgoing heat via human activities (aka combustion of fossil fuels) can speed up this process.
Higher Environmental science
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